Non- Infx Resp Dx 1 Flashcards
List Common non-infectious airway diseases
- Equine Asthma
- Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD)
- Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH)
Describe the etiology (initiation) and pathogenesis (maintenance) of equine asthma.
Initiation of equine asthma is by small particles are deposited deeper in the respiratory tract which leads to airway Neutrophilic inflammation -> bronchoconstriction and mucous hyper secretion
Dirt and pollen are >__ microns causing inertial impaction. Mold spores and bacteria are __ microns and cause sedimentation. Gases, moisture and endotoxins are <__ micron and cause diffusion
Dirt and pollen are > 5 microns causing inertial impaction. Mold spores and bacteria are 1-5 microns and cause sedimentation. Gases, moisture and endotoxins are < 5 micron and cause diffusion
Describe the approach to confirming a diagnosis of infectious equine asthma
History:
- exposure to infectious organism or an initiating event
- clinical signs include fever
- other animals affected with acute onset
DX:
- CBC will show leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperproteinemia
- Chem may show hyperglobulinemia
- Tracheal wash for culture
- cytology, gram stain and culture
Describe the approach to confirming a diagnosis of non- infectious equine asthma
Hx:
- exposure to new environmental factor, seasonal onset, recurring
- no fever and not contagious
- gradual onset, chronic, recurring
Dx:
- CBC may show stress neutrophilia
- r/o infectious causes with tracheal wash
- cytology, gram stain and culture
T/F: if you can see clinical evidence of respiratory dysfunction, the horse is very compromised
T
Additional diagnostic tests for respiratory disease
- Airway endoscopy with mucous scoring and transtracheal brush or wash
- thoracic AUS or RADS
Mucous and inflammation ___ together in respiratory disease
Increase
What should you perform at the recheck appointment of a horse with respiratory disease?
Bronchoalveolar lavage
Transtracheal wash of Infectious respiratory disease
Cytology:
- Bacterial will have a large percentage of degenerative neutrophils, some with intracellular bacteria.
- Viral will have large % of lymphocytes +/- epithelial cells
Gram stain and culture:
- Bacterial will be gram + and positive culture
- viral will have a positive PCR panel for virus or strep equi subspecies. Equi
Transtracheal wash for asthma
Cytology: moderate to high cellularity with >15% non degenerate neutrophils, rare bacteria can be seen in mucus
Gram stain and culture: gram stain is usually negative and may grow strap equi subspecies. Zooepidemicus that is usually sensitive to TMS
Asthma in remission will show __ cellular and __ non degen neutrophils on cytology while an active asthma infection would show __ cellular with __ non degenerate neutrophils
Asthma in remission will show few-mild cellular and 5-15% non degen neutrophils on cytology while an active asthma infection would show moderate to very cellular with >15% non degenerate neutrophils
Treatment goals of asthma
- Resolve the immediate disease which includes airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, hypersecretion
- Maintain remission
Develop a plan to modify the environment as a treatment plan for asthma
You’re going to inspect the facilities and then reduce the respirable debris such as hay, dusty barns and round bales. Make sure that they have good ventilation and notice what environments have less air particulates/debris (weeds on pasture).
__ are the most beneficial to reduce airway inflammation quickly while __ open up the airway
Corticosteroids are the most beneficial to reduce airway inflammation quickly while bronchodilator’s open up the airway
