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Clinical Micro Final Exam > Non-Fermentative Gram Neg Bacilli (Glucose oxidizers) > Flashcards

Non-Fermentative Gram Neg Bacilli (Glucose oxidizers) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Release of energy that’s stored in chemical bonds of glucose and other carbs. That energy is used to produce ATP.

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2
Q

Why is the EMP pathway used more in anaerobes vs. the ED pathway?

A

The pathway is greatly utilized because EMP yields more ATP than ED glycolytic pathway. (2 ATP/ glucose)

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3
Q

When is the ED pathway used?

A

It’s utilized more commonly in aerobic vs. anaerobes. (1 ATP/ glucose). An advantage is that it requires less enzymatic protein to carry out glucose metabolism vs. EMP pathway.

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4
Q

True/ false? Fermentation doesn’t have to occur in the absence of oxygen, it occurs without the need for oxygen

A

True. (MacConkey agar)

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5
Q

What is the definition of oxidation?

A

Any process in which the oxygen content of a compound is increased; any reaction in which the positive valence of a compound or a radical is increased because of a loss of electrons. WEAK ACID FORMED, NO GAS PRODUCED.

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6
Q

What does the oxidative- fermentative test determine?

A

It determines if GRAM NEG BACTERIA metabolize carbs oxidatively, fermentation, or are assacharolytic and therefore have no ability to use carbs in the media.

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7
Q

What is the indicator used in OF media?

A

Bromthymol blue- color change indicates acidity

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8
Q

Acid in open tube only

A

Oxidative

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9
Q

No reaction in either

A

Assacharolytic

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10
Q

Acid in both open/ closed tubes

A

fermentation or possibly fermentation and oxidation both.

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11
Q

All are glucose ______

A

Non-fermenters (some are oxidizers or some are assacharolytic).

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12
Q

Media?

A

SBAP and Chocolate

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13
Q

Most are obligate ____

A

Aerobes.

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14
Q

Most are oxidase ___

A

Positive. (except for Acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas)

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15
Q

Pseudononas aeruginosa: grows well where? Norma flora? Found in what patients typically?

A

Grows well in moist environments (hot tubs, sinks, showers). RARELY NORMAL FLORA. Found in patients with cystic fibrosis causing respiratory infection (key pathogen).

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16
Q

True/ false? Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the 2nd most commonly isolated glucose non-fermenter clinically.

A

False. 1st common

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17
Q

ID of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A 
Glucose oxidizer. 
Oxidiase + 
MAC + (clear) 
Motile, monotrichous polar flagella
Has a spreading, flat appearance on SBAP with serrated edges and green pigment and metallic sheen. GRAPE TO CORN TORTILLA ODOR. 
Common cause of nosocomial infections.
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18
Q

What are the virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Exotoxin A- inhibits protein synthesis in host cells
Alginate- surface carb that impedes phagocytosis.
Pyocyanin- blue pigment produces reactive oxygen species causing tissue damage.
Pili-for attachment to host cells
intrinsic resistant to antimicrobials.

19
Q

What are Pseudomonas pigments?

A

Pyocyanin- blue/ green (only produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Pyoveridin- yellow, visualize UV light
Pyorubin- rust
Pyomelanin- brown (helps microbes survive oxidative stress)

20
Q

Psudomonas aeruginosa: incubation? oxidase? TSI?

A

Incubates well at 42 degrees C
Oxidase positive
TSI: Slant no change, alkaline butt (K/K), gas neg, H2S neg. *

21
Q

What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant and susceptible to?

A

Resistant: penicillin and ampicillin
Susceptible: aminoglycosides, extended spectrum pencillins, carbapenems, quinolones

22
Q

What microbes are most common cause of lung infection in CF patients in the 1st decade?

A

Staphlococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most common in the 2nd and 3rd decades.

23
Q

Is Burkholderia cepacia normal flora? Where is it found?

A

Not normal flora! Found in soil, water, plants, found in patients with CF.

24
Q

How is Burkholderia cepacia spread?

Where can it be found?

A

Kissing and doorknobs (person to person)

Able to survive on or in medical devices and disinfectants

25
Q

ID of Burkholderia cepacia?

A

Grows on SBAP, Chocolate, MAC.
MOTILE
Oxidase pos
LDC pos

26
Q

What is Burkholderia cepacia resistant to?

A

Polymyxin B

resistant to many antibiotics. treatment is problematic in CF patients.

27
Q

What score of the Bartletts screening can be worked up? Rejected?

A

1 or above work up

0 or less rejected

28
Q

Burkholderia mallei: normal flora? Causes what?

A

Not normal flora!
Causes glanders in horses, mules, etc.
Rarely infects humans

29
Q

ID of Burkholderia mallei

A

Grows well on SBAP, Chocolate
MAC +
Oxidase +

30
Q

How would humans contract glanders?

A

Via cuts/abrasions and contact with horse tissues/ fluids (very rare)
no human to human transmission
if in blood can be fatal

31
Q

Symptoms of glanders?

A

Fever, headache, muscle aches, chills

32
Q

What is the treatment of glanders?

A

Tetracyclines

33
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei: normal flora? Found where?

A

Not normal flora!

Found in soil, rice paddies (surface water)

34
Q

ID of Burkholderia pseudomallei

A

Transmitted via inhalation or inoculation through cuts.
MAC +
Oxidase +
Causative agent of Melioidosis

35
Q

Describe Melioidosis.

A

AKA Whitmore’s disease
Primarily in SE Asia
Localized: fever, ulceration, abscess
Pulmonary: cough, chest pain, fever, headache
Blood stream: fever, headache, respiratory distress, joint pain
Disseminated: fever, weight loss, headache, seizures

36
Q

What can be the treatment for Melioidosis?

A

Oral (doxycycline) or intravenous (ceftazidime)

37
Q

Acinetobacter spp: normal flora?

A

Possibly of skin and respiratory in hospitalized patients (prolonged stays)

38
Q

True/ false? Acinetobacter is the most common glucose non-fermenter isolated clinically.

A

False. 2nd most common

39
Q

ID of Acinetobacter spp?

A

Grows well on SBAP, Chocolate, MAC (variable)
Oxidase -
Catalase +
Non-motile
Doesn’t reduce nitrates (NO3) to nitrites (NO2)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa does
Can create a purple hue on MAC though they’re NOT lactose fermenters.
Gram stain: plump gnr often in pairs.

40
Q

What can Acinetobacter cause?

A

Respiratory infections, UTI’s, wound and blood infections.

41
Q

Stenotrophomonas maltophilla: normal flora?

A

Possibly of respiratory tract of hospital patients (prolonged stays)

42
Q

True/ false? Stenotrophomonas maltophilla is the 3rd most common glucose non-fermenter isolated clinically.

A

True.

43
Q

ID of Stenotrophomonas maltophilla?

A 
Strong maltose oxidizer 
Glucose oxidizer 
*oxidase -*
MAC +
SBAP shows yellow to lavendar pigment
Motile with a tuft of flagella
Ammonia smell 
Arg -
Ornithine -
Lys +
Dnase + 
Polymyxin B sensitive

Clinical Micro Final Exam (4 decks)

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