NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: Part 1 Flashcards
In chronic disease, what does chronic means?
Long duration
Chronic diseases is a result of a combination of what factors?
Genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral
Give at least 3 major causes of NCDs
Physical Inactivity
Alcohol Abuse
Tobacco
Unhealthy Diet
It is a cause of NCDs that results of unhealthy habits. Behavioral and modifiable risk factors like: smoking, alcohol abuse, and more.
Lifestyle
A cause of NCDs where it is passed from parent to child.
Hereditary
A cause do NCDs that means where you live or work.
Environmental
A group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus is defined a ___-hour fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher.
8
Name the three risk factors of Type 1 DM
Genetic
Environment
May be acquired due to viruses and chemical toxins
True or False. The ff are the risk factors of type 2 DM: Family hx, Overweight, Sedentary lifestyle, HPN, HDL cholesterol <25mg/dl (0.90mmol/L) and triglyceride level >150mg/dl (2.82 mmol/L).
False. <35 and >250
Type 2 diabetes has?
Insulin resistance
Gestational Diabetes only occurs in?
Pregnancy
True or False. GD usually goes away when the baby is born.
True.
GD increases the risk of type ___ diabetes for the mother later in life.
2
4 signs and symptoms of DM.
Polyuria (excessive urine)
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (eats excessive)
Weight loss
3 tests to determine if one has DM.
Fasting (plasma glucose) Blood Sugar Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Random Blood Sugar Test
Ways to prevent DM.
Prevent obesity, encourage proper nutrition, promote exercise, and avoid smoking.
Sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure.
Hypertension
You could say it’s hypertension if sustained systolic BP of 1.)_____ mmHg or more and sustained DBP of 2.)_____ mmHg or more based on the measurements done during at least 2 visits take at least 1 weeks apart.
1.) 140
2.) 90
Classifications of hypertension
Primary/essential/idiopathic HPN
Secondary HPN
Give the 5 risk factors of HPN
Family Hx
Age
High Salt Intake
Obesity
Excessive Alcohol Intake
True or False. The ff are prevention of hypertension: proper nutrition, prevent obesity, smoking cessation, and identity risk factors & check ups.
True.
It is a heart disease cause by impaired coronary blood flow.
Coronary Artery Disease
Another name for coronary artery disease
Ischemic heart disease
This etiology cause of CAD usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Atherosclerosis
True or False. The ff are modifiable risk factors of CAD: Heredity, Gender, and Increasing age.
False. It’s elevated blood lipids, HPN, Smoking, DM, Obesity, Physical Inactivity, and Stress.
To prevent CAD:
- Regular exercise
- Proper Nutrition
- Maintain a healthy body weight
- Smoking cessation
- Early dx
-
Loss or alteration of bodily functions that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some degree arts of the brain.
Cererrovascular Disease or Stroke
Stroke is a leading cause of _____.
Disability
Give the 3 Etiology of Stroke.
- Thrombotic Stroke
- Embolic Stroke
- Hemorrhagic Stroke
A blood clot forms in an artery in the brain that is already narrowed by cholesterol deposits.
Thrombosis
A block in artery in the brain by a piece of material like a blood clot, piece of fat, white air bubble, traveling in the blood from another body part.
Embolism
An artery in the brain bursts and bleeds. This may be due to high blood pressure, head injury or a weak artery wall from birth.
Bleeding
An artery in the brain is pinch by a spasm or tumor.
Compression
Risk Factors of stroke:
- Increasing age
- sex
- heredity
- HPN
- smoking
- DM
- heart disease
- high RBC count
- season
- social economic factors
- excessive alcohol intake
- certain kinds of drug abuse
-
Prevention of Stroke:
- control of HPN
- smoking cessation
- limit alcohol
- avoid IV drugs abuse
- prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis.
-
Characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer
What type of cancer is localized?
Tumor
A mechanism that is direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues.
Invasion
A mechanism that has an ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood cells, circulate through the blood stream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body.
Metastasis
Type of cancer that grows locally and compressed surrounding tissues without invading them.
Benign
Type of cancer that invades and infiltrates surrounding tissues.
Malignant
Causes of cancer:
- Heredity
- Carcinogens: chemicals, benzopyrene, nitrosamines, radiation, and viruses
-
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- radiation exposure
- second-hand smoke
Lung cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- Tobacco use
- alcohol use
- chronic irritation
- vitamin A deficiency
Oral cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- poor nutrition
- alcohol
- weakened immune system
- occupational exposure to woods, dust, paint fumes
- gender: 4-5 times more common in men
- age: more than 60 years
Laryngeal cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- occupational exposure: dyes, solvents
- chronic bladder inflammation
Bladder cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- obesity
- diet: well-cooked meat
- occupational exposure: asbestos, organic solvents
- age: 50-70 years old
Renal cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- human papillomavirus infection
- chlamydia infection
- diet: low in fruits and vegetables
- family hx
Cervical cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- tobacco use
- alcohol
- gender: 3 times more common in men
- diet: low in fruits and vegetables
Esophageal cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- early menarche/late menopause
- age
- high fat diet
- obesity
- physical inactivity
- family hx
- alcohol consumption
Breast cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- family hx
- high fat dies and low fiber diet
- hx of ulcerative colitis
- age: >50 years
Colonic cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- urethral obstruction
- DRE, PSA
Prostrate cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- certain type of viral hepatitis
- liver cirrhosis
- long-term exposure to aflatoxin
Liver cancer
The cancer has the ff risk factors:
- unprotected exposure to strong sunlight
- fair complexion
- occupational exposure
Skin cancer
This cancer has the ff risk factors:
- estrogen replacement therapy
- early menarche/late menopause
Uterine/endometrial cancer
To prevent cancer:
- smoking cessation
- proper diet
- alcoholic beverages in moderation
- avoid obesity
- early diagnosis
-
Give warning signs of breast cancer.
Skin changes
Nipple abnormalities
Abnormal contours
What are the early detection of breast cancer?
BSE
Breast mammography
This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Often asymptomatic
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Cervical cancer
How to diagnose a cervical cancer?
Pap smear
This cancer has the ff warning signs:
• Symptoms of urethral outflow obstruction:
-urinary frequency
-nocturia
-decrease in stream
-post void dribbling
Prostrate cancer
True or False. Prostrate cancer is diagnosed by Pap smear.
False. DRE and prostrate specific antigen (PSA) determination.
This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Change in stool
- Rectal bleeding
- Pressure on the rectum
- Abdominal pain
Colon rectal cancer
This cancer has the ff early detection:
- Annual DRE starting at age
of 40
- Annual stool blood test starting at age 50
- Annual inspection of colon
Colon rectal cancer
This cancer has the ff warning signs:
- Chronic cough or nagging cough
- dull intermittent, localized pain
- Hx of weight loss
- Persons with long hx of smoking &/or smoking 2 or more packs of cigarette per day
Lung cancer
How can we early detect lung cancer?
Chest x-ray and sputum cytology
