non communicable diseases - biology revision Flashcards
what is homeostatis?
maintaining the internal body environment, even when things change
what is negative feedback?
when a change away from the ideal triggers a response to bring things back to normal
what internal body conditions must be controlled?
-temperature
-water content (osmosis)
-blood glucose concentration
-pH
-mineral ions (like salts)
what are the names of the glands that produce hormones and what do the produce?
thyroid gland- thyroxine
pancreas-insulin
pituitary gland- the master gland situated at the base of the brain
adrenal gland- adrenaline
ovaries- oestrogen
testes- testosterone
what are hormones and where are they produced and carried around the body?
hormones are chemical molecules released directly into the blood plasma from endocrine glands to regulate body process
what do hormones affect?
target cells in target organs
what is glucose and what happen to blood glucose levels?
it is a type of sugar and blood glucose levels vary throughout the day.
glucose levels rise when you eat carbohydrates as they put glucose into the small intestine
they drop when you respire as respiration uses glucose (glucose + oxygen–>carbon dioxide + water + energy), and when you exercise
what happens with excess glucose?
excess glucose is converted into the large insoluble molecules called glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles
what controls glucose blood concentration?
the pancreas is the organ that controls glucose blood concentration and the two hormones that change it are insulin and glucagon
how does glucagon control blood glucose levels?
if a persons glucose levels decrease, the fall’s detected by the pancreas |
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the pancreas produces glucagon which is secreted into the blood |
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glucagon causes the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles to be converted into glucose which enters the blood |
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this causes the blood glucose levels to rise
how does insulin control blood glucose levels?
after eating a meal with carbohydrates, blood glucose levels rise and this is detected by the pancreas
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the pancreas responds by producing insulin which is secreted in the blood
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insulin causes cells to take up more glucose from the blood. Cells in the liver and muscles can take up glucose and convert it into glycogen, causing blood glucose levels to fall
what are the causes of type 1 diabetes?
the pancreas doesn’t make insulin, this happens from birth and can’t be caused by lifestyle changes
what are ways to control type 1 diabetes?
-injections of insulin
-carbohydrate control diet
-exercise
what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?
-the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin
-people have insulin resistance, meaning cells don’t respond to insulin
what are ways to control type 2 diabetes?
- having a healthy diet (carbohydrate control diet)
- exercise
- losing weight (just if you’re overweight)
- injections
what is BMI and how is it calculated?
BMI is body mass index and its used to see if you are at a healthy weight but it cannot be used on children and doesn’t work on people with high muscle mass
the formula is mass (kg)
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height (m squared)
underweight: under 18.5
normal: 18.5 to 24.9
overweight: 25 to 29.9
obese: over 30
what is waist to hip ratio and how is it calculated?
waist to hip ratio is an effective way to examine regional fat distribution, but doesn’t work on children, people under 5 feet and people with a BMI over 35
calc= waist circumference
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hip circumference
what are unavoidable risk factors for developing a non communicable diseases?
-age
-genes
-biological sex
what are avoidable risk factors for non communicable diseases?
-weight
-exercise
-alcohol
-smoking
-diet
what are the impacts of non communicable diseases on local areas?
-pressure on hospitals
-waiting lists
-not enough beds
-unemployment
-childrens health
what are the national impacts of non communicable diseases?
-strain on the NHS
-poorer economy
-ambulances/ waiting times
-lack of doctors
-alcohol abuse, crime
what are the global impacts of non communicable diseases?
-pollution
-poorer countries requiring aid
-high cost (lack of food)
-countries developing slower
-life expectancy reduced
what is the main function of the circulatory system and what is it made out of?
the main function is to pump oxygenated blood around the body to vital organs, and takes waste like carbon dioxide away.
it is made up of the heart, blood vessels and blood
what is the double circulatory system?
humans have a double circulatory system because they have one circuit which takes de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen to return to the heart. The other circuit pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to other organs in the body. The blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the de-oxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs
