Non-communicable diseases Flashcards
What is characteristic for non-communicable diseases?
Not transmitted through infectious agents.
Often chronic or even life long.
Commonly associated with high morbidity and even mortality.
Onset generally occurs in middle age or later.
Often associated with a modern life style.
How large is the percentage of annual deaths in the world due to non-communicable diseases?
63 % are due to non-communicable disease.
What are the big four non-communicable diseases?
Chronic respiratory disease.
Cardiovascular disease.
Cancer.
Diabetes.
Out of the big four non-communicable diseases, which is the biggest killer?
Cardiovascular disease. (Responsible for 46 % of death due to non-communicable diseases.)
In deaths due to non-communicable diseases, how large is the percentage of deaths in low and middle income countries?
75 % of deaths due to non-communicable diseases occur in low and middle income countries.
Is the majority of deaths in developing countries due to communicable or non-communicable diseases?
Non-communicable diseases.
Which gender is at higher relative risk of dying due to a non-communicable disease?
Men.
Has the burden of disease due to non-communicable diseases been increased or reduced the past decades in developing countries?
The burden of disease due to non-communicable diseases has been increased.
Based on country income group (low, low-middle, high-middle and high income), in which countries is the mortality rate from cardiovascular disease the highest and the lowest?
The mortality rate is the highest in low-middle income countries, and the lowest in high income countries.
What are the principal clinical interventions for cardiovascular disease in low income countries?
Hypertension control.
Cholesterol control.
Surgical intervention.
Behavioral change.
What cancer has the highest mortality rate in both genders worldwide?
Lung cancer.
What are principal clinical interventions for cancer control in low income countries?
Surgical intervention.
Anti-cancer drugs.
Behavioral change.
What are some major carcinogenic causes of lymphoma worldwide?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, and environmental toxins.
What is the most common cancer in women in developing countries? What cancer has the highest mortality for women in developing countries?
Cervical cancer is both the most common and the cancer with the highest mortality for women in developing countries.
What is the association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and liver cancer?
Carriers of HBV have a 200 times greater chance of developing liver cancer. (HBV is a carcinogen that is second only to tobacco in causing cancer worldwide.)
What are principal clinical interventions for chronic lung disease in low income countries?
Oxygen and other respiratory support.
Behavioral change.
What are principal clinical interventions for diabetes control in low income countries?
Insulin and other glucose lowering drugs.
Behavioral change.
Om de store ikke-smittsomme sykdommene sier man gjerne at “den femte er den glemte”. Hva er den femte store ikke-smittsomme sykdommen?
Mentale helseproblemer.
What is the most common psychological illness worldwide?
Depression.
What are principal clinical interventions for mental health disorders in low income countries?
Anti-depressants.
Anti-psychotics.
Counselling.
What factors have contributed to the rise of NCDs in low and middle income countries?
Decline of “traditional” diseases of poverty due
to effective programs.
Urbanization.
More sedentary lifestyles.
More disposable income.
Integration into global trade and markets.
Commercial influences.
What are the three leading risk factors for global disease burden?
Hypertension, smoking tobacco and use of alcohol.
Is obesity more common in men or women worldwide?
Obesity is more common in women.
What are three leading cancer risk factors worldwide?
Tobacco use, overweight/obesity and pathogens.
