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Non- communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a non -communicable disease?

A

a disease that cannot be passed from one organism to another

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2
Q

what is a communicable disease ?

A

a disease that can be passed from one organism to another

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3
Q

what are 3 non-communicable diseases?

A

cancer
cardio vascular disease
conary heart disease
copd
diabetes

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4
Q

what is a risk factor?

A

a variable associated with greater risk of developing a disease

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5
Q

outline the factors that can affect the risk of developing a non-communicable disease?

A

*Environmental * Lifestyle * Genetics
exposure to pollution smoking inherited genes
exposure to carcinogens diet (age)
ionising radiation drinking alcohol
Uv light fitness level

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6
Q

what is the difference between a correlation and casual mechanisms?

A

a correlation shows a link or relationship between factors, whereas a casual mechanisms explains how how one factor influences another through a biological process.

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7
Q

what are 2 impacts non communicable diseases on humans

A

*Affects those who care for them and the individuals around.
* Increases social issues such as obesity and disease
*Increased death
* Affects mental health

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8
Q

what are 2 impacts non communicable diseases on the economy

A
  • increased cost of healthcare to treat the individual’s
    *increased cost of research into preventing non-
    communicable disease
  • reduces the ability to work and earn
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9
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that causes disease

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10
Q

what is cancer ?

A

cancer is caused by a change in DNA cells , that leads to uncontrolled growth and division.

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11
Q

what is mitosis?

A
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12
Q

what happens to normal cells when damaged?

A

they repair theirselves

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13
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

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14
Q

what is a tumour?

A

an abnormal growth of dividing cells

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15
Q

which tumour invades other parts of the body?

A

malignant tumours

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16
Q

how do tumours spread?

A

via blood steam
via lymphatic system

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17
Q

what is a benign tumour?

A

an abnormal growth of cells, contained in one place , usually within the membrane

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18
Q

what is an malignant tumour ?

A

an abnormal growth of cells that invades neighbouring tissue cell and spreads through the body.

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19
Q

how do tumours spread?

A

via blood stream
via lymphatic system

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20
Q

what are most cancers the result of of ?
(mutations)

A

*lifestyle
smoking - lung cancer
obesity
UV light exposure -skin cancer
Ionising radiation
excessive alcohol

*Genetic
an increases risk inherited from your parents
eg. breast and ovarian cancer

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21
Q

how does radon cause cancer ?

A
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22
Q

what are two ways of treating cancer ?
Explain

A

Radiotherapy - doses of radiation taken, killing cancer cells, this stops mitosis but can also destroy healthy cells
Chemotherapy - chemicals are used to stop cancer cells dividing or kill the cancer cells.

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23
Q

what is a mutation ?

A

a change in the cells DNA.

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24
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

a carcinogens is chemicals and other agents that can cause cancer

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25
Q

what cancer is ionising radiation a risk factor for ?

A

leukaemia

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26
Q

what cancers does HPV cause ?

A

Cervical and vaginal cancer

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27
Q

what happens to cancer cells?

A

they continue to divide uncontrollably to form huge cancer cells

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28
Q

how does ionising radiation cause cancer ?

A

Ionising radiation can penetrate cells, damage
chromosomes and cause mutations in DNA.
The more one is exposed to ionising radiation, the
more likely mutations will occur and cancer will
develop.

29
Q

where does our energy come from ?

A

energy comes from the food we consume

30
Q

what is energy measured in ?

A

energy ios measured in joules (J)

31
Q

what is is one calorie in energy ?

A

1 calorie = 4.184 J energy

32
Q
A
33
Q

what does obese mean ?

A

extremely overweight

33
Q

what is the BMI ?

A

A value based on height and mass used to categorise an individual as underweight, normal, over weight or obese.

33
Q

what is a balanced diet ?

A

having an equal energy input to the energy use

34
Q

what does obesity increase your risk for?

A

diabetes ( type 2 )
high blood pressure
heart disease

34
Q

what does it mean to be overweight ?

A

(abnormal fat accumulation) if a person eats more energy than than they use up, the extra is stored as fat. This can cause you to become overweight or obese.

34
Q

how is BMI calculated ?

A

BMI = mass (kg) ÷ height (m))2

34
Q

why isn’t BMI always accurate ?

A

fat and muscle tissue cannot be distinguished so athletes may be incorrectly classed as obese

34
Q

Describe how exercise affect the risk of some non-communicable diseases

A
  • regular exercise decrease fat stores , reducing obesity
    lowering the risk for type 2 diabetes and cdv

*decreases heart rate recovery time and blood pressure lowering the risk for cdv

35
Q

people who regularly exercise have :

A

low risk for disease
fitter heart
healthier lungs

35
Q

people who exercise are less m likely to have :

A

cdv
heart disease
type 2 diabetes

36
Q

what is diabetes ?

A

disorder where the body doesn’t have enough insulin made or the body doesn’t respond to insulin

36
Q

what does insulin shortage cause ?

A

circulation problems
kidney problems
eye problems

37
Q

what is insulin

A

a hormone that controls blood sugar, made in the pancreas

38
Q

risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

overweight / obese
lack of exercise / bad diet
old age

39
Q

how does diet affect the risk of non-communicable diseases

A
  • diets high in saturated fat rises blood cholesterol levels , increasing the deposit of plaque , this narrows blood arteries increasing the risk foe cdv

*the consumption of large amounts of simple sugars increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity

*malnourishment increases the risk of deficiency

40
Q

how to restore blood sugar levels

A

balanced diet
losing weight
regular exercise
reduce carbohydrates intake

41
Q

what is alcoholism?

A

someone who is addicted to alcohol

42
Q

Fill in the gaps
Alcohol is a poison that is usually removed by
the ________1______.
It affects the ________2____ system making reactions .
Large doses can cause unconsciousness, coma and
sometimes ____________3______.
Heavy users can develop _____4_______ of the liver.
Alcohol is a carcinogen and can cause liver __________5__Alcohol can also damage the _______6____.

A

1)liver
2)nervous
3)death
4)cirrhosis
5)cancer
6)brain

43
Q

what are 3 short and long term affects of alcohol?

A

*Short term effects * Long term affects
unconsciousness liver cancer
slower reactions brain damage
reduction of inhibitions cirrhosis of the liver

44
Q

Effects of drinking while pregnant

A
  • Premature birth
  • Miscarriage
  • Low birth weight
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
45
Q

what affect of fetal alcohol syndrome ?

A

*Problems with teeth and jaw
● Heart problems
● Hearing Problems
● Learning difficulties

46
Q

describe how alcohol affects the risk of some non-communicable diseases

A
  • Alcohol broken down into toxic products in the liver which build-up and cause cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue)
    *Alcohol raises blood pressure thus increasing the risk of CVD
    *Toxic products in alcohol can cause mutations to DNA, increasing the risk of cancer (mouth, throat, liver etc.)
47
Q

notes:

A

Alcohol is poisonous and also very addictive.
After an alcoholic drink, the ethanol is absorbed into the blood , from the the gut and passes easily into the body tissues .
It affects the nervous system making thought process reflects and many reactions slower

48
Q

what is cirrhosis of liver and what causes it ?

A

Alcohol can cause cirrhosis of the liver , a disease that destroys the liver , this active liver cells are replaced with scar tissues that cant carry out vital functions

49
Q

what is in cigarette smoke ?

A

nicotine
carbon monoxide
Tar

50
Q

what is nicotine ?

A

the addictive substance found in cigarettes.
produces an sense of wellbeing and calm
increases heart rate
relatively harmless gas

51
Q

What is carbon monoxide ?

A

A poisonous gas that combines with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells so that 10% will carry carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.
This can lead to oxygen shortage , one reason smokers get breathless.

52
Q

why does our body need oxygen ?

A

oxygen is need to release energy through respiration.

53
Q

what is tar ?

A

A sticky black substance that builds up in the lungs *Increases chance of developing bronchitis (inflammation on the lungs).
*Build up or tar causes breakdown of alveoli. Reduces surface area of alveoli. Causes breathlessness. (COPD)
*Tar is a carcinogen.

54
Q

what is a carcinogen?

A

a chemical or agent capable of causing cancer

55
Q

what is casual mechanism between smoking and cardio vascular disease ?

A

Nicotine narrows blood vessels.
* Nicotine increases the heart rate.
* Other chemicals in smoke damage the lining of arteries.
* Other chemicals increase blood pressure.
* This increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, heart
attacks and strokes.

56
Q

what affect does chemicals found in cigarettes have on the cilla ?

A

The Cilla in the trachea and the bronchi move mucus , bacteria and dirt away from the lungs.
*Cilia is anaesthetised by some of the chemicals in smoke.
*This stops them from being able to move mucus up
the lungs.
*This causes dirt and pathogens to build up and increases the risk of infection.

56
Q

what diseases does smoking cause ?

A

Lung cancer
Coronary heart disease
copd
cdv

57
Q

Explain why smoking during pregnancy is so harmful
( 5 marks )

A

Smoking causes ______ ______ to be carried in the
blood, which reduces its ______-carrying capacity.
This causes oxygen shortage, and as the mother provides
oxygen to the ______.
This can mean the fetus does not get enough ______ and
cannot grow properly.
This can lead to ______ births, ______, and low
birthweight babies

58
Q

how does smoking does smoking affect the risk of non-communicable diseases

A

*Nicotine raises heart rate, increasing the risk of CVD *Carbon monoxide lowers the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen, heart rate increases, increasing the risk of CVD
*Carcinogens in tar can cause mutations to DNA, increasing the risk of cancer (mouth, throat, lung etc.) *Smoking increases the risk of lung diseases e.g. chronic bronchitis

59
Q
A

Biology (1 decks)

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