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Animal Cruelty FINAL! > Non-Accidental Injuries > Flashcards

Non-Accidental Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Injuries to Animals that Raise a Veterinarian’s Suspicion for NAI…

A

-REPETITIVE INJURIES in various stages of healing

-Fracture (skull, teeth, ribs)

-Bruising

-Damage to claws (torn pads/debris caught between pads can point to evidence of dragging)

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2
Q

Documentation Process (skip)

A

Important to consider the following…

-How does the animal respond to me touching the injuries vs not touching the injuries

-Does their behavior change before/after administering pain relieving drugs?

-How is the animal walking? Any asymmetric swelling?

Document the following:
-Sketches
-Measurement notes
-Photography -FROM ALL SIDES- proximal, close-up, distant, overall
-ID of physical trauma -skin thickness and coat
-RADIOLOGY to see whats going on internally
-Have we had broken ribs in the past?
-Fractures in the past?

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3
Q

Categories of Blunt Force Trauma… (FLAB)

A
  1. Bruises
  2. Lacerations
  3. Abrasions
  4. Fractures
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4
Q

BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA

A

Force from a fist, foot, an object or by throwing an animal against a hard surface

-Injuries to recessed/protected parts of the body suggest assault (and injuries on ALL PLANES of the body)

-Injuries distributed over only prominences of the body and on only ONE PLANE suggest INNOCENCE

-NOT ASSOCIATED WITH A SHARP OBJECT

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5
Q

Contusions (Bruising)

A

-Internal bruising may be much larger than what is shown on the outer skin layer (surface)

-Shaving will reveal injuries

-Document presence of healing bruises
(important to consider healing bruises and how the different colors change over time!)

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6
Q

Abrasion

A

-Process of scraping/wearing something away

-Often occur with blunt force trauma

Examples of abrasions:
-Scratches - fingernail/sharp object
-Scrapes/brush abrasions- blunt object scrapes off skin
-Impact - crushing injuries by blunt object

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7
Q

Laceration

A

-A TEAR to the skin CAUSED by blunt trauma

-TISSUE BRIDGES PRESENT HERE!
(ragged edges with bridges of soft tissue between the edges of the wound)

-Tissue bridges signify that the skin hasn’t split properly!

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8
Q

ON FINAL: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LACERATIONS AND CUTS

A

Laceration:

-A tear to the skin CAUSED by blunt trauma
-TISSUE BRIDGES PRESENT HERE!

Cut:

-A wound caused by a sharp object (shard of glass)
-NO TISSUE BRIDGES PRESENT

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9
Q

Avulsion

A

-Rips skin/soft tissue off underlying bone

-Can be deep enough to involve internal organs

-Common in dog fighting; one dog can completely rip the skin off of another

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10
Q

Fractures

A

-Depends on the forces that act upon the bones of an animal

-Depend on WHICH bone it is, the age of the animal, etc.

-Some areas will break easily than others!

-Radiologists will assess what type of forces were involved that would have caused a fraction to occur!

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11
Q

Rib Fractures

A

-COMMON W/ BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA
(throwing animals off buildings, being hit, kicked, or thrown against a blunt object)

-Common for ribs to break off in groups b/c they are so close together!

-More than one grouping suggests there is more than one focused application of force

Considerations:
-How many ribs are broken?
-Are they on both sides or just one?
-Have they broken off in groups?

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12
Q

Abuse vs Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA)

A

Abused animals
MORE OF…
-head injuries
-rib fractures
-tooth fractures
-claw damage

MVA
MORE OF…
-skin abrasions/injuries
-lung collapse
-bruising
-hind end injury
-ONE SIDE ONLY

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13
Q

Motor Vehicle Accidents

A

-MOST COMMON EXCUSE FOR BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA
-Impact injuries on animal should be CONSISTENT with MVA accusation
-Most likely for animal to be hit on the left side of the body; animal is coming from left side; we drive on the right
-ONE SIDE ONLY

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14
Q

Falls

A

Evaluate…

-Distance fallen
-How they fell and height of fall
-Species
-Age
-Injuries must be CONSISTENT with a fall
(animal would have fallen directly downward!)

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15
Q

Swinging/Dragging Injuries

A

Swinging:
-Grabbed by tail
-Multiple Injuries
-Dislocations

Dragging:
-Abrasions (containing debris from surface)
-Must determine if animal was alive when dragged
-TOXICOLOGY HERE TO SEE IF THEY WERE SEDATED?
-Was the animal attached to the vehicle and dragged?
(Physical evidence HERE: blood evidence, cord, chain used to drag, etc.)

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16
Q

CATEGORIES OF SHARP FORCE INJURIES INCLUDE…

A

-Stab Wounds (deeper injury rather than length)
-Incised Stab Wounds
-Incised Wounds (longer rather than depth)
-Chop Wounds
-Mutilations
-Dog & Predator Attacks
-Ritualistic Crimes

17
Q

WHAT SHOULD YOU DOCUMENT WHEN STAB WOUNDS ARE PRESENT?

A

-Single or multiple?
(Grouping is important to see if consistent w/ animal trying to get away)

-Appearance of wound can indicate type of weapon used

-X RAY
(knives can break off in body)
(depth of wound: gives us minimum depth of blade!)

18
Q

Incised Stab Wounds

A

-A stab wound changes to incised

-Stabbing and pulling sensation which causes the weapon to cut through tissue once its removed

-NO TISSUE BRIDGES

19
Q

Incised Wounds

A

-Creates cut by sharp edged object such as knives or glass

-Length and depth DO NOT correlate to type of weapon used

-NO TISSUE BRIDGES

20
Q

Chop Wounds

A

-Injury may be a combination of sharp and blunt trauma

-Have incised trauma to the soft tissues/bony fractures

21
Q

Dog & Predator Attacks

A

-Bite mark analysis
-Trace materials caught in frayed nails
-DNA testing to determine species
-Abrasions from dragging

22
Q

Mutilations

A

-Complete/partial dismemberment
-Must determine if animal was alive or sedated for any portion of it

23
Q

What are the 3 types of burn classifications?

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
  3. Thermal
24
Q

Burn Patterns

A

-Depth of injury can indicate whether the exposure was long/short
-How much of the body was involved?

25
Q

Thermal Burns

A

-Caused by heated objects
-Fires
-Cigarettes
-Ovens (microwaves too)
-Hot liquids & steam

26
Q

Chemical Burns

A

-May be internal, external, or both
-Degree of injury depends on type of chemical, strength of chemical, length of exposure, etc.

27
Q

ON FINAL! WHAT ARE SOME OF THE AGENTS USED THAT CAUSE BURNS?

A
  1. Oxidizing Agent
  2. Dehydrating Agents
  3. Denaturing Agents
  4. Corrosive Agents
  5. Vesicants
28
Q

Electrical Burns

A

-Damage from current, voltage, heat generated

29
Q

Projectiles

A

-Firearms
-Pellet Guns
-Arrows
-Handguns - semi-automatic/revolver
-Rifles
-Shotguns
-Ammunition

30
Q

Gunshot Wounds

A

-FULL BODY X RAYS NEEDED

-You may still have fragments leftover in the body!

-The “exit wound” could be caused by bone flying OUT and is not the actual bullet

31
Q

Asphyxia

A

FOUR CLASSIFICATIONS:

  1. Suffocation
  2. Strangulation
  3. Mechanical Asphyxia
  4. Drowning
32
Q

Suffocation

A

Death by oxygen deprivation
Examples:
-Choking
-Smothering

33
Q

Choking

A

Death by accidental ingestion or aspiration of foreign material
Examples:
-Food
-Tennis balls

34
Q

Smothering

A

Mechanical obstruction/occlusion of air passage
Examples:
-Plastic bag over head
-Placing entire animal into plastic bag
-Live burial
-Placing object over face and pressing down (pillow)

35
Q

ON FINAL: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIGATURE STRANGULATION AND HANGING?

A

Ligature Strangulation:
-Pressure is by a force other than the animal’s body weight
-A tightened force is being applied by someone around the animal’s neck
-Will NOT have an inverted V PATTERN
(Furrow in the neck with a gap where ligature was grasped and tightened!)

Hanging:
-Relying on the animal’s body weight to apply pressure on the neck
-Using the body weight of the animal itself to suffocate the animal
-WILL SEE INVERTED V PATTERN HERE!
-Extreme struggling of victim prior to death (rotation)

36
Q

Manual Strangulation

A

-External pressure on the neck using hands, forearms, or other limbs

-Looking for compression of the jugular and corroded artery

-Dissection of neck during necropsy will be needed

37
Q

Drowning

A

-Death due to asphyxia while immersed in a liquid

-Loosing dogs in animal fighting will most often be drowned

-May be total body/just enough to cover the airway openings

38
Q

Malicious Posioning

A

-Elimination of a nuisance animal

-Animals that make excessive noise, trespass, threaten humans, animals, damage property, injure livestock etc.

-Revenge on a person

-Burglars poison pets, watchdogs, or guard dogs to facilitate access

-Domestic Violence- poisoning an animal to gain control over its owner

39
Q

Accidental Poisoning

A

-Improperly stored household chemicals

-Contaminated food

-Plants (pesticide sprayed on plants to kill weeds)

Animal Cruelty FINAL! (7 decks)

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