Nomenclature And Functional Groups (KR)

Question 1

Organic chemistry approach

Answer 1

Organic chemistry is dominated by the functional group approach, where molecules consist of hydrocarbon skeletons with attached functional groups. Understanding a few functional groups helps predict the behavior of many organic molecules.

Question 2

Naming organic molecules

Answer 2

Organic molecules are named using the functional group approach. Example: 2-hexanone, 2-hexanol, 2-chlorohexane.

Question 3

Functional group identity

Answer 3

Functional groups retain distinct identities when separated by CH2 groups. Example: A carboxylic acid (RCOOH) is a single functional group, not a combination of alcohol and ketone.

Question 4

Functional group approach basis

Answer 4

The functional group approach is empirical, based on experimental observations. Complex molecules like morphine often involve considering substructures like ring systems.

Question 5

Alkane functional group

Answer 5

Alkyl groups, represented as R-, include: Methyl (CH3-), Ethyl (CH3CH2-), Propyl (CH3CH2CH2-), Isopropyl ((CH3)2CH-), Phenyl (C6H5-).

Question 6

Alkyl halides

Answer 6

Consist of an alkyl group attached to a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I). They undergo nucleophilic substitution or elimination reactions.

Question 7

Primary alcohol

Answer 7

-OH group attached to an R-CH2- group. Primary alcohols can oxidize to aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Represented as RCH2OH.

Question 8

Secondary alcohol

Answer 8

-OH group attached to an R2CH- group. Secondary alcohols oxidize to ketones. Represented as R2CHOH.

Question 9

Tertiary alcohol

Answer 9

-OH group attached to an R3C- group. Tertiary alcohols resist oxidation. Represented as R3COH.

Question 10

Aldehydes

Answer 10

A hydrogen and alkyl (or aromatic) group attached to a carbonyl group. Oxidize to carboxylic acids, reduce to primary alcohols. Represented as RCHO.

Question 11

Ketones

Answer 11

Two alkyl or aromatic groups attached to a carbonyl group. Do not oxidize like aldehydes. Represented as RCOR.

Question 12

Carboxylic acids

Answer 12

Alkyl or aromatic group attached to a hydroxyl-carbonyl group. Represented as RCOOH. They act as weak acids and react with carbonates.

Question 13

Esters

Answer 13

Formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols, with a carbonyl and oxygen attached to alkyl groups. Represented as RCOOR.

Question 14

Amides

Answer 14

Carbonyl group attached to an amine group. Primary amides are RCONH2, secondary amides are RCONHR, tertiary amides are RCONR2.

Question 15

Amines

Answer 15

Basic functional groups. Primary amines (RNH2), secondary amines (R2NH), tertiary amines (R3N).

Question 16

Acid chlorides

Answer 16

Highly reactive, with a carbonyl attached to a chlorine atom. Represented as RCOCl.

Question 17

Nitriles

Answer 17

Contain a carbon triple-bonded to nitrogen. Represented as RCN.

Question 18

Alkenes

Answer 18

Carbon-carbon double bond. Represented as RCH=CH2.

Question 19

Alkynes

Answer 19

Carbon-carbon triple bond. Represented as RC≡CH.

Question 20

Ethers

Answer 20

Two alkyl or aromatic groups attached to an oxygen atom. Represented as ROR.

Question 21

Polyols (diols)

Answer 21

Alcohols with two or more -OH groups. Highly soluble in water.