Nomenclature

Question 1

Alkyl Groups

Answer 1

Side chains on hydrocarbons “yl” e.g. Methyl, Ethyl, etc

Question 2

Alcohols

Answer 2

OH - Functional Group

Suffix “ol”

Primary -Carbon that the OH is attached to is only attached to one other carbon

Secondary- if the carbon is attached to 2 other carbons

Teriarty - If the carbon is attached to 3 other carbons

Question 3

Aldehydes

Answer 3

Functional Group: Carbon double bonded to an oxygen, and single bonded to a hydrogen “al” e.g. Propanal

• Usually at the end of a carbon chain

Question 4

Ketones

Answer 4

Functional Group: Carbon double bonded to oxygen, No hydrogens bonded

• Found in the middle of a chain
• “one” e.g. 2-Butanone
• Carbonyl Carbon is the carbon that has the doubled bond to the oxygen

Question 5

Carboxylic Acids

Answer 5

Functional Group - COOH group

• “oic” e.g. Propanoic Acid
• Usually on the end of a chain

Question 6

Amines

Answer 6

Functional Group - NH2

• “Amine” e.g. Pentant-2-amine
• Related to Ammonia (NH3)

Primary Amine: One carbon bonded to the Nitrogen

Secondary Amine: 2 Carbons bonded to the nitrogen

Tertiary Amine: 3 Carbons bonded to the nitrogen

Question 7

Amides

Answer 7

• Functional Group: Carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to NH2 group
• Found on the end of a chain
• Relative of Carboxylic Acid (COOH), OH is replaced by NH2
• “Amide” e.g. Ethanamide

Primary Amide: 1 Carbon attached to Nitrogen e.g. Methylamine

Secondary: 2 Carbon Attatched to Nitrogen e.g. N-methylmethanamine

Teriary: 3 Carbon Attacthed to Nitrogen e.g. N,N-dimethylmethanamine

Question 8

Esters

Answer 8

Produced by the reaction of Carboxylic Acid with an Alcohol

• Functional Group: Carbonyl carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen
• In the Middle of a chain

“Oate” e.g. Methyl Propanoate

Single bonded oxygen belongs to alkyl group, double bonded oxygen belongs to the main carbon chain.

Question 9

What is are Structural Isomer and list the different type of structrual isomers

Answer 9

A type of isomer in which molecules with the same molecular formula have different bonding patters and atomic organisation

• Chain Isomers
• Position Isomers
• Functional Group Isomers

Question 10

What is a Chain Isomer

Answer 10

Chain isomers have the same molecular formula but different arrangements or branches. e.g turning pentane into 2-methylbutane

(Changing the size of the main carbon chain)

Question 11

What is a Position Isomer

Answer 11

Positional isomers change the position (location) of the functional group

e.g. turning 1,1-dibromobutane into 1,2-dibromobutane or 1,3-dibromobutane

Question 12

What is a Functional Group Isomer

Answer 12

Functional Group isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups on the chain