Nomenclature

Question 1

What is molecular formula?

Answer 1

• The actual number of atoms present in a molecule.

Question 2

Empirical formula def?

Answer 2

• Simplest whole number ratio of number of atoms in a compound.

Question 3

Structural formula def?

Example of this in pink hand folder.

Answer 3

• Arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing any bonds (WILL SHOW DOUBLE BONDS.)

Question 4

How do you show side- branches in skeletal formula?

Example of this in pink hand folder.

Answer 4

• You put the atoms involved in the side branches in brackets.

Question 5

Skeletal formula def?

Answer 5

• Shows carbon bonds as a skeleton (each point represents carbon atom.) Hydrogen/ carbon atoms aren’t shown but functional groups are.

Question 6

Why is skeletal formula useful?

Answer 6

• Simple/ quick way of drawing structure of very complicated organic compounds.

Question 7

How do you draw skeletal formula? What if you have double bonds?

Example of this in pink hand folder.

Answer 7

• Count how many carbons there are in hydrocarbon chain.
• Draw points with pencil (each point represents a carbon atom.)
• Any double bonds will flatten out/ have double line rather than just one

Example of this in pink hand folder.

Question 8

Displayed formula def?

Answer 8

• Shows the arrangement of atoms: showing all the bonds and atoms in the molecule.

Question 9

General formula def?

Answer 9

• An algebraic formula that can be applied to the same “family” of molecules.

Question 10

What is a homologous series?

Answer 10

• A homologous series is a group/ series of compounds that have the same functional group and general formula.

Question 11

Finish sentence

Successive members of homologous series increase by ……..

Answer 11

• CH₂
• (Ie. Methanol–> CH₃OH/ ethanol –> CH₃CH₂OH ) CH₂ is added (in structural formula) anywhere in the MIDDLE of the fomula (doesn’t need to be in a particular position, just not at beginning/ end of the molecule.)

Question 12

What do aldehydes end in?

Answer 12

• al
  (ie. proponal.)

Question 13

What do ketones end in?

Answer 13

-one.
(Ie. propanone)

Question 14

What do halogenalkanes’ name start with?

Answer 14

• Either: fluoro/ chloro/bromo/ iodo

Question 15

What is the suffix and prefix for cycloalkanes?

Answer 15

Cyclo ………… ane
(Ie. Cyclopentane)

Question 16

What do branched alkanes in hydrocarbon chains end with?

Answer 16

• alkyl (ie. yl)
• (Ie. Methyl group)

Question 17

What are the different prefixes for number up to 6?

Answer 17

1- meth
2- eth
3- prop
4-but
5- pent
6- hex

Question 18

What are molecules named according to?

Answer 18

• Named according to rules set by IUPAC (international rules!)

Question 19

What are the steps for naming an unknown molecule with functional group?

Answer 19

1.) Find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule. Count the number of carbon atoms to deduce the stem for molecule (ie buta - for 5.)
2.) Functional groups will tell you end name of the molecule.
3.) Number the carbon chain so that the functional group sits on the lowest number carbon.
4.) Put the number the functional group is attached to infront of the ending of the name ie. 2- oic acid.
5.) Side chains/ unimportant functional groups written as prefixes (at start of molecule) in alphebitical order
6.) If there is more than one identical functional group/ side chain put the prefixes required!!

Question 20

When deciding where the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms are in the molecule, does it matter whether the carbon atoms are in a straight line or not?

Answer 20

• No!
• It can be branched multiple times even!!

Question 21

When naming molecule, if you have more than one (either 2/3/4) functional group/ side- chain what should you put in front of the name you have given it?

Answer 21

-2: di
- 3: tri
- 4: tetr

Question 22

If you don’t have functional group on hydrocarbon chain, how would you number the carbon atoms in the longest carbon atom chain? What if you have multiple alkyl groups?

Answer 22

• You number carbon atoms so that your alkyl group (side chain) is attached to the lowest number carbon atom in the chain.
• Multiple alkyl groups –> you want the lowest combination of numbers (ie. 2-ethyl, 3-methyl would be chosen over 4-ethyl, 5-methyl.)

() - extra info for clarification.

Question 23

What do alcohols end in?

Answer 23

• ol.

Question 24

What do carboxylic acids end in?

Answer 24

• oic acid.

Question 25

What order are side chains/ less important functional groups written in when naming the molecule?

Answer 25

- Side chains/ less important functional groups at beginning of the molecule. - In ALPHABETICAL ORDER!! Ie. if you had methyl (on carbon 1) and ethyl (on carbon 3) side branches you would write 1-methyl, 3- ethyl........

Question 26

If two numbers are next to each other on your line when naming your molecule, what must you separate those two numbers by?

Answer 26

- Separate the numbers by a coma. - (Ie. 3-methylbutan-1,1diol)

Question 27

What is functional group of esther? What do esters end in?

Answer 27

- COO - anoate.

Question 28

What is the functional group of aldehydes? How would you WRITE the functional group?

Answer 28

--CHO - CANNOT FLIP THE H AND O around when writing it!! (because then you wouldn't know for certain whether it's an alcohol or not.) ## Footnote () - extra info for clarification

Question 29

What is functional group of ketone?

Answer 29

CO

Question 30

If you have two OH functional groups attached to the SAME C atom (ie. carbon-1) , how would you write this at the end of the molecule name ?

Answer 30

1,1 - diol (two 1's shows that there are 2 functional groups LOCATED ON THE SAME CARBON!!)

Question 31

If I have a side-chain of methyl group on carbon 3 and a side chain of ethyl group on carbon 2- how would I write this (at the beginning of name of molecule) when naming the molecule? Why do I write the side-chains in this way?

Answer 31

- 2- ethyl- 3- methyl ......... - They are written in alphabetical order.

Question 32

If I have a molecule with longest carbon chain horizontally (with 5 carbon atoms) and you can have the same length carbon chain by including carbon of a side chain, would your numbering be different?

Answer 32

- No. - In most cases, the numbering will be the exact same ie. the number that the particular functional/ alkyl group is attached to will be the same either way.

Question 33

If I don't have a functional group on my molecule, only one ethyl and one methyl group, how do I number the carbon atoms in the longest carbon chain?

Answer 33

- Number carbon atoms so that you have the lowest *combination* of numbers in front of methyl/ ethyl group name. - (Ie. if you had to pick between 2-ethyl, 3-methyl AND 4-ethyl, 5-methyl, you would pick the first because it is the lowest *combination* of numbers. ) | () - extra info for clarification.

Question 34

When we do skeletal formula, we don't include carbons/ hydrogens in hydrocarbon chain but WHAT WOULD WE INCLUDE?/ HOW WOULD WE INCLUDE IT?

Answer 34

- Any functional groups (make sure it's pointing away from the V ie. not going inwards.) - Halogens (draw two halogens on one carbon atom/ point how it is on diagram draw on sheet of paper in folder!!) - Any oxygens (ie. in ketones/ aldehydes.) | (diagram- on sheet of paper- in pink hand folder/ on wall if needed)

Question 35

Where exactly do we include the dashes and the commas when writing name of molecule? Where would we NOT include them?

Answer 35

- Dashes: between any letter and number. - Commas: between two numbers that are next to each other. - Do not include them between two words (just write the words next to each other directly ie. 3-hydroxybutanoic acid.) - THIS IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT TO GET RIGHT!!

Question 36

What functional group always takes priority/ will always have its suffix as the end part of name of molecule even if there are other functional groups present?

Answer 36

- Carboxylic acid.

Question 37

If a molecule has OH functional group/ COOH functional group, how do we name it?

Answer 37

- The OH becomes a hydroxy group. - The COOH = (priority group) so the name will end in oic acid!!

Question 38

Why don't we have to put a number infront of aldehydes (ie infront of the al) and in front of carboxylic acids (ie. in front of the oic acid?)

Answer 38

- Because these functional groups will always be on carbon 1.

Question 39

Give name of this molecule: CH₃CH=CHCH₂CH₂OH

Answer 39

- pent-3-en-1-ol.

Question 40

Functional group of nitrile? What is suffix of nitrile?

Answer 40

C (triple bond) N Nitrile (ie. propanenitrile.)

Question 41

Functional group of amine? Prefix/ suffix for amine?

Answer 41

- NHH (anywhere in the chain!!) - Prefix: amino. Suffix: amine.

Question 42

What do we always try to include in our longest carbon chain?

Answer 42

- Try to include functional group (if functional group contains carbon, obviously!!) | () - extra info for clarification.

Question 43

What name would you give molecule that has alkene functional group (C=C double bond) and carboxylic acid functional group?

Answer 43

Name ending: Enoic acid

Question 44

What name would you give molecule that has alcohol functional group and nitrile functional group?

Answer 44

hydroxynitrile.

Question 45

Is it butane-2,3-diol OR butan-2,3-diol? Which is correct?

Answer 45

Butane-2,3-diol is CORRECT!!