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Nobel Prizes Flashcards

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1
Q

1901, Physics

“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”

A

Wilhelm RÖNTGEN

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2
Q

1902, Physics

“in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”

A

Hendrik Antoon LORENTZ and Pieter ZEEMAN

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3
Q

1903, Physics

“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”

AND

“in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by [other 1903 Physics laureate]”

A

Antoine Henri BECQUEREL and Pierre and Marie CURIE (neé SKLODOWSKA)

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4
Q

1904, Physics

“for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”

A

Lord RAYLEIGH (John William STRUTT)

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5
Q

1905, Physics

“for his work on cathode rays”

A

Philipp Eduard Anton VON LENARD

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6
Q

1906, Physics

“in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”

A

Joseph John THOMSON

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7
Q

1907, Physics

“for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”

A

Albert Abraham MICHELSON

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8
Q

1908, Physics

““for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference””

A

Gabriel LIPPMANN

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9
Q

1909, Physics

“in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”

A

Guglielmo MARCONI and Karl Ferdinand BRAUN

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10
Q

1910, Physics

“for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”

A

Johannes Diderik VAN DER WAALS

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11
Q

1911, Physics

“for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”

A

Wilhelm WIEN

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12
Q

1912, Physics

“for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”

A

Nils Gustaf DALÉN

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13
Q

1913, Physics

“for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”

A

Heike Kamerlingh ONNES

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14
Q

1914, Physics

“for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”

A

Max VON LAUE

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15
Q

1915, Physics

“for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”

A

Sir William Henry and William Lawrence BRAGG

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16
Q

1917, Physics

“for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”

A

Charles Glover BARKLA

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17
Q

1918, Physics

“in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”

A

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig PLANCK

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18
Q

1919, Physics

“for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”

A

Johannes STARK

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19
Q

1920, Physics

“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”

A

Charles Edouard GUILLAUME

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20
Q

1921, Physics

“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”

A

Albert EINSTEIN

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21
Q

1922, Physics

“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”

A

Niels Henrik David BOHR

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22
Q

1923, Physics

“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”

A

Robert Andrews MILLIKAN

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23
Q

1924, Physics

“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”

A

Karl Manne Georg SIEGBAHN

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24
Q

1925, Physics

“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”

A

James FRANCK and Gustav Ludwig HERTZ

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25
Q

1926, Physics

“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”

A

Jean Baptiste PERRIN

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26
Q

1927, Physics

“for his discovery of the effect named after him”

AND

“for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”

A

Arthur Holly COMPTON and Charles Thomson Rees WILSON

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27
Q

1928, Physics

“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”

A

Owen Willans RICHARDSON

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28
Q

1929, Physics

“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”

A

Price Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond DE BROGLIE

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29
Q

1930, Physics

“for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”

A

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata RAMAN

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30
Q

1932, Physics

“for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”

A

Werner Karl HEISENBERG

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31
Q

1933, Physics

“for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”

A

Erwin SCHRÖDINGER and Paul Adrien DIRAC

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32
Q

1935, Physics

“for the discovery of the neutron”

A

James CHADWICK

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33
Q

1936, Physics

“for his discovery of cosmic radiation”

AND

“for his discovery of the positron”

A

Victor Franz HESS and Carl David ANDERSON

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34
Q

1937, Physics

“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”

A

Clinton Joseph DAVISSON and George Paget THOMSON

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35
Q

1938, Physics

“for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”

A

Enrico FERMI

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36
Q

1939, Physics

“for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”

A

Ernest Orlando LAWRENCE

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37
Q

1943, Physics

“for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”

A

Otto STERN

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38
Q

1944, Physics

“for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”

A

Isidor Isaac RABI

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39
Q

1945, Physics

“for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the [laureate name] Principle”

A

Wolfgang PAULI

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40
Q

1946, Physics

“for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”

A

Percy Williams BRIDGMAN

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41
Q

1947, Physics

“for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called [laureate name] layer”

A

Sir Edward Victor APPLETON

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42
Q

1948, Physics

“for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”

A

Patrick Maynard Stuart BLACKETT

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43
Q

1949, Physics

“for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”

A

Hideki YUKAWA

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44
Q

1950, Physics

“for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”

A

Cecil Frank POWELL

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45
Q

1951, Physics

“for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”

A

Sir John Douglas COCKCROFT and Ernest Thomas Sinton WALTON

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46
Q

1952, Physics

“for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”

A

Felix BLOCH and Edward Mills PURCELL

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47
Q

1953, Physics

“for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”

A

Frits ZERNIKE

48
Q

1954, Physics

“for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”

AND

“for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”

A

Max BORN and Walther BOTHE

49
Q

1955, Physics

“for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”

AND

“for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”

A

Willis Eugene LAMB and Polykarp KUSCH

50
Q

1956, Physics

“for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”

A

William Bradford SHOCKLEY, John BARDEEN, and Walter Houser BRATTAIN

51
Q

1957, Physics

“for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”

A

Chen Ning YANG and Tsung-Dao LEE

52
Q

1958, Physics

“for the discovery and the interpretation of the [laureate name] effect”

A

Pavel Alekseyevich CHERENKOV, Il’ja Mikhailovich FRANK, and Igor Yevgenyevich TAMM

53
Q

1959, Physics

“for their discovery of the antiproton”

A

Emilio Gino SEGRÈ and Owen CHAMBERLAIN

54
Q

1960, Physics

“for the invention of the bubble chamber”

A

Donald Arthur GLASER

55
Q

1961, Physics

“for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”

AND

“for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”

A

Robert HOFSTADTER and Rudolf Ludwig MÖSSBAUER

56
Q

1962, Physics

“for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”

A

Lev Davidovich LANDAU

57
Q

1963, Physics

“for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”

AND

“for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”

A

Eugene Paul WIGNER

Maria Goeppert MAYER and J. Hans D. JENSEN

58
Q

1964, Physics

“for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”

A

Charles Hard TOWNES, Nicolay Gennadiyevich BASOV, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich PROKHOROV

59
Q

1965, Physics

“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”

A

Sin-Itiro TOMONAGA, Julian SCHWINGER, and Richard P. FEYNMAN

60
Q

1966, Physics

“for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”

A

Alfred KASTLER

61
Q

1967, Physics

“for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”

A

Hans Albrecht BETHE

62
Q

1968, Physics

“for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”

A

Luis Walter ALVAREZ

63
Q

1969, Physics

“for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”

A

Murray GELL-MANN

64
Q

1970, Physics

“for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”

AND

“for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”

A

Hannes Olof Gösta ALFVÉN and Louis Eugène Félix NÉEL

65
Q

1971, Physics

“for his invention and development of the holographic method”

A

Dennis GABOR

66
Q

1972, Physics

“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”

A

John BARDEEN, Leon Neil COOPER, and John Robert SCHRIEFFER

67
Q

1973, Physics

“for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”

AND

“for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the [laureate name] effects”

A

Leo ESAKI and Ivar GIAEVER

Brian David JOSEPHSON

68
Q

1974, Physics

“for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”

A

Sir Martin RYLE and Anthony HEWISH

69
Q

1975, Physics

“for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”

A

Aage Niels BOHR, Ben Roy MOTTLESON, and Leo James RAINWATER

70
Q

1976, Physics

“for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”

A

Burton RICHTER and Samuel Chao Chung TING

71
Q

1977, Physics

“for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”

A

Philip Warren ANDERSON, Sir Nevill Francis MOTT, and John Hasbrouck VAN VLECK

72
Q

1978, Physics

“for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”

AND

“for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”

A

Pyotr Leonidovich KAPITSA

Arno Allan PENZIAS and Robert Woodrow WILSON

73
Q

1979, Physics

“for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”

A

Sheldon Lee GLASHOW, Abdus SALAM, and Steven WEINBERG

74
Q

1981, Physics

“for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”

AND

“for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”

A

Nicolaas BLOEMBERGEN and Arthur Leonard SCHAWLOW

Kai M. SIEGBAHN

75
Q

1982, Physics

“for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”

A

Kenneth G. WILSON

76
Q

1983, Physics

“for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”

AND

“for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”

A

Subramanyan CHANDRASEKHAR and William Alfred FOWLER

77
Q

1984, Physics

“for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction”

A

Carlo RUBBIA and Simon VAN DER MEER

78
Q

1985, Physics

“for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”

A

Klaus VON KLITZING

79
Q

1986, Physics

“for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”

AND

“for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”

A

Ernst RUSKA

Gerd BINNIG and Heinrich ROHRER

80
Q

1987, Physics

“for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”

A

J. Georg BEDNORZ and K. Alexander MÜLLER

81
Q

1988, Physics

“for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”

A

Leon M. LEDERMAN, Melvin SCHWARTZ, and Jack STEINBERGER

82
Q

1989, Physics

“for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”

AND

“for the development of the ion trap technique”

A

Norman F. RAMSEY

Hans G. DEHMELT and Wolfgang PAUL

83
Q

1990, Physics

“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”

A

Jerome I. FRIEDMAN, Henry W. KENDALL, and Richard E. TAYLOR

84
Q

1991, Physics

“for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”

A

Pierre-Gilles DE GENNES

85
Q

1992, Physics

“for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”

A

Georges CHARPAK

86
Q

1993, Physics

“for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”

A

Russell A. HULSE and Joseph H. TAYLOR JR.

87
Q

1994, Physics

“for the development of neutron spectroscopy”

AND

“for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”

A

Bertram N. BROCKHOUSE and Clifford G. SHULL

88
Q

1995, Physics

“for the discovery of the tau lepton”

AND

“for the detection of the neutrino”

A

Martin L. PERL and Frederick REINES

89
Q

1996, Physics

“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”

A

David M. LEE, Douglas D. OSHEROFF, and Robert C. RICHARDSON

90
Q

1997, Physics

“for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”

A

Steven CHU, Claude COHEN-TANNOUDJI, and William D. PHILLIPS

91
Q

1998, Physics

“for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”

A

Robert B. LAUGHLIN, Horst L. STÖRMER, and Daniel C. TSUI

92
Q

1999, Physics

“for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics”

A

Gerardus ‘t HOOFT and Martinus J.G. VELTMAN

93
Q

2000, Physics

“for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”

AND

“for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”

A

Zhores I. ALFEROV and Herbert KROEMER

Jack S. KILBY

94
Q

2001, Physics

“for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”

A

Eric A. CORNELL, Wolfgang KETTERLE, and Carl E. WIEMAN

95
Q

2002, Physics

“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos”

AND

“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources”

A

Raymond DAVIS JR. and Masatoshi KOSHIBA

Riccardo GIACCONI

96
Q

2003, Physics

“for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”

A

Alexei A. ABRIKOSOV, Vitaly L. GINZBERG, and Anthony J. LEGGETT

97
Q

2004, Physics

“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”

A

David J. GROSS, H. David POLITZER, and Frank WILCZEK

98
Q

2005, Physics

“for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence”

AND

“for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”

A

Roy J. GLAUBER

John L. HALL and Theodor W. HÄNSCH

99
Q

2006, Physics

“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”

A

John C. MATHER and George F. SMOOT

100
Q

2007, Physics

“for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”

A

Albert FERT and Peter GRÜNBERG

101
Q

2008, Physics

“for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”

AND

“for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”

A

Yoichiro NAMBU

Makoto KOBAYASHI and Toshihide MASKAWA (MASUKAWA)

102
Q

2009, Physics

“for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”

AND

“for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”

A

Charles Kuen KAO

Willard S. BOYLE and George E. SMITH

103
Q

2010, Physics

“for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”

A

Andre GEIM and Konstantin NOVOSELOV

104
Q

2011, Physics

“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”

A

Saul PERLMUTTER, Brian P. SCHMIDT, and Adam G. RIESS

105
Q

2012, Physics

“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”

A

Serge HAROCHE and David J. WINELAND

106
Q

2013, Physics

“for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”

A

François ENGLERT and Peter W. HIGGS

107
Q

2014, Physics

“for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”

A

Isamu AKASAKI, Hiroshi AMANO, and Shuji NAKAMURA

108
Q

2015, Physics

“for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”

A

Takaaki KAJITA and Arthur B. McDONALD

109
Q

2016, Physics

“for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”

A

David J. THOULESS, F. Duncan M. HALDANE, and J. Michael KOSTERLITZ

110
Q

2017, Physics

“for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves”

A

Rainer WEISS, Barry C. BARISH, and Kip S. THORNE

111
Q

2018, Physics

“for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”

AND

“for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”

A

Arthur ASHKIN

Gérard MOUROU and Donna STRICKLAND

112
Q

Only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice

A

John BARDEEN (1956, 1972)

113
Q

Only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice

A

Frederick SANGER (1958, 1980)

114
Q

Organizations which have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Peace multiple times

A

International Committee of the RED CROSS (1917, 1944, 1963) and The Office of the UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES [UNHCR] (1954, 1981)

115
Q

Nobel Laureates who have been awarded two Nobel Prizes in separate categories

A

Marie CURIE (Physics [1903] and Chemistry [1911]) and Linus PAULING (Chemistry [1954] and Peace [1962])

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