Nobel Prizes Flashcards
1
Q
1901, Physics
“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him”
A
Wilhelm RÖNTGEN
2
Q
1902, Physics
“in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena”
A
Hendrik Antoon LORENTZ and Pieter ZEEMAN
3
Q
1903, Physics
“in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity”
AND
“in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by [other 1903 Physics laureate]”
A
Antoine Henri BECQUEREL and Pierre and Marie CURIE (neé SKLODOWSKA)
4
Q
1904, Physics
“for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies”
A
Lord RAYLEIGH (John William STRUTT)
5
Q
1905, Physics
“for his work on cathode rays”
A
Philipp Eduard Anton VON LENARD
6
Q
1906, Physics
“in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases”
A
Joseph John THOMSON
7
Q
1907, Physics
“for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid”
A
Albert Abraham MICHELSON
8
Q
1908, Physics
““for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference””
A
Gabriel LIPPMANN
9
Q
1909, Physics
“in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy”
A
Guglielmo MARCONI and Karl Ferdinand BRAUN
10
Q
1910, Physics
“for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids”
A
Johannes Diderik VAN DER WAALS
11
Q
1911, Physics
“for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat”
A
Wilhelm WIEN
12
Q
1912, Physics
“for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys”
A
Nils Gustaf DALÉN
13
Q
1913, Physics
“for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium”
A
Heike Kamerlingh ONNES
14
Q
1914, Physics
“for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals”
A
Max VON LAUE
15
Q
1915, Physics
“for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays”
A
Sir William Henry and William Lawrence BRAGG
16
Q
1917, Physics
“for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements”
A
Charles Glover BARKLA
17
Q
1918, Physics
“in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta”
A
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig PLANCK
18
Q
1919, Physics
“for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields”
A
Johannes STARK
19
Q
1920, Physics
“in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys”
A
Charles Edouard GUILLAUME
20
Q
1921, Physics
“for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect”
A
Albert EINSTEIN
21
Q
1922, Physics
“for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them”
A
Niels Henrik David BOHR
22
Q
1923, Physics
“for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect”
A
Robert Andrews MILLIKAN
23
Q
1924, Physics
“for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy”
A
Karl Manne Georg SIEGBAHN
24
Q
1925, Physics
“for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom”
A
James FRANCK and Gustav Ludwig HERTZ
25
1926, Physics
“for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium”
Jean Baptiste PERRIN
26
1927, Physics
“for his discovery of the effect named after him”
AND
“for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour”
Arthur Holly COMPTON and Charles Thomson Rees WILSON
27
1928, Physics
“for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him”
Owen Willans RICHARDSON
28
1929, Physics
“for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons”
Price Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond DE BROGLIE
29
1930, Physics
“for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him”
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata RAMAN
30
1932, Physics
“for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”
Werner Karl HEISENBERG
31
1933, Physics
“for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”
Erwin SCHRÖDINGER and Paul Adrien DIRAC
32
1935, Physics
“for the discovery of the neutron”
James CHADWICK
33
1936, Physics
“for his discovery of cosmic radiation”
AND
“for his discovery of the positron”
Victor Franz HESS and Carl David ANDERSON
34
1937, Physics
“for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
Clinton Joseph DAVISSON and George Paget THOMSON
35
1938, Physics
“for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”
Enrico FERMI
36
1939, Physics
“for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”
Ernest Orlando LAWRENCE
37
1943, Physics
“for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”
Otto STERN
38
1944, Physics
“for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”
Isidor Isaac RABI
39
1945, Physics
“for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the [laureate name] Principle”
Wolfgang PAULI
40
1946, Physics
“for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”
Percy Williams BRIDGMAN
41
1947, Physics
“for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called [laureate name] layer”
Sir Edward Victor APPLETON
42
1948, Physics
“for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”
Patrick Maynard Stuart BLACKETT
43
1949, Physics
“for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”
Hideki YUKAWA
44
1950, Physics
“for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”
Cecil Frank POWELL
45
1951, Physics
“for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”
Sir John Douglas COCKCROFT and Ernest Thomas Sinton WALTON
46
1952, Physics
“for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”
Felix BLOCH and Edward Mills PURCELL
47
1953, Physics
“for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”
Frits ZERNIKE
48
1954, Physics
“for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”
AND
“for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”
Max BORN and Walther BOTHE
49
1955, Physics
“for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”
AND
“for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”
Willis Eugene LAMB and Polykarp KUSCH
50
1956, Physics
“for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”
William Bradford SHOCKLEY, John BARDEEN, and Walter Houser BRATTAIN
51
1957, Physics
“for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”
Chen Ning YANG and Tsung-Dao LEE
52
1958, Physics
“for the discovery and the interpretation of the [laureate name] effect”
Pavel Alekseyevich CHERENKOV, Il'ja Mikhailovich FRANK, and Igor Yevgenyevich TAMM
53
1959, Physics
“for their discovery of the antiproton”
Emilio Gino SEGRÈ and Owen CHAMBERLAIN
54
1960, Physics
“for the invention of the bubble chamber”
Donald Arthur GLASER
55
1961, Physics
“for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”
AND
“for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”
Robert HOFSTADTER and Rudolf Ludwig MÖSSBAUER
56
1962, Physics
“for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”
Lev Davidovich LANDAU
57
1963, Physics
“for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”
AND
“for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”
Eugene Paul WIGNER
Maria Goeppert MAYER and J. Hans D. JENSEN
58
1964, Physics
“for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
Charles Hard TOWNES, Nicolay Gennadiyevich BASOV, and Aleksandr Mikhailovich PROKHOROV
59
1965, Physics
“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”
Sin-Itiro TOMONAGA, Julian SCHWINGER, and Richard P. FEYNMAN
60
1966, Physics
“for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”
Alfred KASTLER
61
1967, Physics
“for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”
Hans Albrecht BETHE
62
1968, Physics
“for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”
Luis Walter ALVAREZ
63
1969, Physics
“for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”
Murray GELL-MANN
64
1970, Physics
“for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”
AND
“for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”
Hannes Olof Gösta ALFVÉN and Louis Eugène Félix NÉEL
65
1971, Physics
“for his invention and development of the holographic method”
Dennis GABOR
66
1972, Physics
“for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”
John BARDEEN, Leon Neil COOPER, and John Robert SCHRIEFFER
67
1973, Physics
“for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”
AND
“for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the [laureate name] effects”
Leo ESAKI and Ivar GIAEVER
Brian David JOSEPHSON
68
1974, Physics
“for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”
Sir Martin RYLE and Anthony HEWISH
69
1975, Physics
“for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”
Aage Niels BOHR, Ben Roy MOTTLESON, and Leo James RAINWATER
70
1976, Physics
“for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”
Burton RICHTER and Samuel Chao Chung TING
71
1977, Physics
“for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”
Philip Warren ANDERSON, Sir Nevill Francis MOTT, and John Hasbrouck VAN VLECK
72
1978, Physics
“for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”
AND
“for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”
Pyotr Leonidovich KAPITSA
Arno Allan PENZIAS and Robert Woodrow WILSON
73
1979, Physics
“for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”
Sheldon Lee GLASHOW, Abdus SALAM, and Steven WEINBERG
74
1981, Physics
“for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”
AND
“for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”
Nicolaas BLOEMBERGEN and Arthur Leonard SCHAWLOW
Kai M. SIEGBAHN
75
1982, Physics
“for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”
Kenneth G. WILSON
76
1983, Physics
“for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”
AND
“for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”
Subramanyan CHANDRASEKHAR and William Alfred FOWLER
77
1984, Physics
“for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction”
Carlo RUBBIA and Simon VAN DER MEER
78
1985, Physics
“for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”
Klaus VON KLITZING
79
1986, Physics
“for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”
AND
“for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”
Ernst RUSKA
Gerd BINNIG and Heinrich ROHRER
80
1987, Physics
“for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”
J. Georg BEDNORZ and K. Alexander MÜLLER
81
1988, Physics
“for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”
Leon M. LEDERMAN, Melvin SCHWARTZ, and Jack STEINBERGER
82
1989, Physics
“for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”
AND
“for the development of the ion trap technique”
Norman F. RAMSEY
Hans G. DEHMELT and Wolfgang PAUL
83
1990, Physics
“for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”
Jerome I. FRIEDMAN, Henry W. KENDALL, and Richard E. TAYLOR
84
1991, Physics
“for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”
Pierre-Gilles DE GENNES
85
1992, Physics
“for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”
Georges CHARPAK
86
1993, Physics
“for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”
Russell A. HULSE and Joseph H. TAYLOR JR.
87
1994, Physics
“for the development of neutron spectroscopy”
AND
“for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”
Bertram N. BROCKHOUSE and Clifford G. SHULL
88
1995, Physics
“for the discovery of the tau lepton”
AND
“for the detection of the neutrino”
Martin L. PERL and Frederick REINES
89
1996, Physics
“for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”
David M. LEE, Douglas D. OSHEROFF, and Robert C. RICHARDSON
90
1997, Physics
“for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”
Steven CHU, Claude COHEN-TANNOUDJI, and William D. PHILLIPS
91
1998, Physics
“for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”
Robert B. LAUGHLIN, Horst L. STÖRMER, and Daniel C. TSUI
92
1999, Physics
“for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics”
Gerardus 't HOOFT and Martinus J.G. VELTMAN
93
2000, Physics
“for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”
AND
“for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”
Zhores I. ALFEROV and Herbert KROEMER
Jack S. KILBY
94
2001, Physics
“for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”
Eric A. CORNELL, Wolfgang KETTERLE, and Carl E. WIEMAN
95
2002, Physics
“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos”
AND
“for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources”
Raymond DAVIS JR. and Masatoshi KOSHIBA
Riccardo GIACCONI
96
2003, Physics
“for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”
Alexei A. ABRIKOSOV, Vitaly L. GINZBERG, and Anthony J. LEGGETT
97
2004, Physics
“for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”
David J. GROSS, H. David POLITZER, and Frank WILCZEK
98
2005, Physics
“for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence”
AND
“for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”
Roy J. GLAUBER
John L. HALL and Theodor W. HÄNSCH
99
2006, Physics
“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”
John C. MATHER and George F. SMOOT
100
2007, Physics
“for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”
Albert FERT and Peter GRÜNBERG
101
2008, Physics
“for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”
AND
“for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”
Yoichiro NAMBU
Makoto KOBAYASHI and Toshihide MASKAWA (MASUKAWA)
102
2009, Physics
“for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”
AND
“for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”
Charles Kuen KAO
Willard S. BOYLE and George E. SMITH
103
2010, Physics
“for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”
Andre GEIM and Konstantin NOVOSELOV
104
2011, Physics
“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”
Saul PERLMUTTER, Brian P. SCHMIDT, and Adam G. RIESS
105
2012, Physics
“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”
Serge HAROCHE and David J. WINELAND
106
2013, Physics
“for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”
François ENGLERT and Peter W. HIGGS
107
2014, Physics
“for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”
Isamu AKASAKI, Hiroshi AMANO, and Shuji NAKAMURA
108
2015, Physics
“for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”
Takaaki KAJITA and Arthur B. McDONALD
109
2016, Physics
“for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”
David J. THOULESS, F. Duncan M. HALDANE, and J. Michael KOSTERLITZ
110
2017, Physics
“for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves”
Rainer WEISS, Barry C. BARISH, and Kip S. THORNE
111
2018, Physics
“for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”
AND
“for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”
Arthur ASHKIN
Gérard MOUROU and Donna STRICKLAND
112
Only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice
John BARDEEN (1956, 1972)
113
Only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice
Frederick SANGER (1958, 1980)
114
Organizations which have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Peace multiple times
International Committee of the RED CROSS (1917, 1944, 1963) and The Office of the UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES [UNHCR] (1954, 1981)
115
Nobel Laureates who have been awarded two Nobel Prizes in separate categories
Marie CURIE (Physics [1903] and Chemistry [1911]) and Linus PAULING (Chemistry [1954] and Peace [1962])
