Noba 1-4 Vocab

Question 1

A piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct

Answer 1

Anecdotal evidence

Question 2

In research, the determination that one variable causes—is responsible for—an effect.

Answer 2

Causality

Question 3

In statistics, the measure of relatedness of two or more variables.

Answer 3

Correlation

Question 4

What is Data?

Answer 4

In research, information systematically collected for analysis and interpretation.

Question 5

Whats is Deductive reasoning?

Answer 5

A form of reasoning in which a given premise determines the interpretation of specific observations (e.g., All birds have feathers; since a duck is a bird, it has feathers).

Question 6

In statistics, the relative frequency that a particular value occurs for each possible value of a given variable.

Answer 6

Distribution

Question 7

Concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim.

Answer 7

Empirical

Question 8

Objective information about the world.

Answer 8

Fact.

Question 9

In science, the ability of a claim to be tested and—possibly—refuted; a defining feature of science

Answer 9

Falsify

Question 10

In research, the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study.

Answer 10

Generalize

Question 11

A tentative explanation that is subject to testing.

Answer 11

Hypothesis

Question 12

Induction

Answer 12

To draw general conclusions from specific observations.

Question 13

A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations (e. g., noting that “the driver in that car was texting; he just cut me off then ran a red light!” (a specific observation), which leads to the general conclusion that texting while driving is dangerous).

Answer 13

Inductive reasoning

Question 14

Levels of analysis

Answer 14

In science, there are complementary understandings and explanations of phenomena.

Question 15

What are some levels of scientific analysis?

Answer 15

Social/Cultural, Behavioral, Cognitive, Biological

Question 16

What is a Type I error

Answer 16

In statistics, the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Question 17

Type II error

Answer 17

In statistics, the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

Question 18

Blatant biases

Answer 18

Blatant biases are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group.

Question 19

Aversive racism

Answer 19

Aversive racism is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact.

Question 20

Describe Automatic bias

Answer 20

Bias that is unintended, immediate, and irresistible.

Question 21

A behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.

Answer 21

Discrimination

Question 22

an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership

Answer 22

Prejudice

Question 23

Model Minority

Answer 23

A minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

Question 24

Focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity.

Answer 24

Right-wing authoritarianism

Question 25

Social Identity Theory

Answer 25

Social identity theory notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group.

Question 26

Stereotype Content Model

Answer 26

Stereotype Content Model shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence.

Question 27

Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.

Answer 27

Ambivalent

Question 28

open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning.

Answer 28

Ambiguous

Question 29

Changing one’s attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm

Answer 29

Comformity

Question 30

Descriptive Norm

Answer 30

The perception of what most people do in a given situation

Question 31

Informational influence

Answer 31

Conformity that results from a concern to act in a socially approved manner as determined by how others act: “They must know something I dont”

Question 32

Conformity that results from a concern for what other people think of us

Answer 32

Normative influence

Question 33

Agreeableness

Answer 33

A core personality trait that includes such dispositional characteristics as being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, and behavioral tendencies toward harmonious social relations and likeability.

Question 34

Arousal: cost–reward model

Answer 34

An egoistic theory proposed by Piliavin et al. (1981) that claims that seeing a person in need leads to the arousal of unpleasant feelings, and observers are motivated to eliminate that aversive state, often by helping the victim. A cost–reward analysis may lead observers to react in ways other than offering direct assistance, including indirect help, reinterpretation of the situation, or fleeing the scene.

Question 35

Cost–benefit analysis

Answer 35

A decision-making process that compares the cost of an action or thing against the expected benefit to help determine the best course of action.

Question 36

When deciding whether to help a person in need, knowing that there are others who could also provide assistance relieves bystanders of some measure of personal responsibility, reducing the likelihood that bystanders will intervene. This is called ___

Answer 36

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 37

Empathy–altruism model

Answer 37

An altruistic theory proposed by Batson (2011) that claims that people who put themselves in the shoes of a victim and imagining how the victim feel will experience empathic concern that evokes an altruistic motivation for helping

Question 38

According to evolutionary psychology, the favoritism shown for helping our blood relatives, with the goals of increasing the likelihood that some portion of our DNA will be passed on to future generations

Answer 38

Kin selection

Question 39

Negative state relief model

Answer 39

An egoistic theory proposed by Cialdini et al. (1982) that claims that people have learned through socialization that helping can serve as a secondary reinforcement that will relieve negative moods such as sadness.

Question 40

A component of the prosocial personality orientation; describes individuals who have a strong sense of social responsibility, empathize with and feel emotionally tied to those in need, understand the problems the victim is experiencing, and have a heightened sense of moral obligations to be helpful.

Answer 40

Other-oriented empathy

Question 41

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 41

According to evolutionary psychology, a genetic predisposition for people to help those who have previously helped them.