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NUR350 FINAL > NMTEE > Flashcards

NMTEE Flashcards

1
Q

The nose

function

A

1st segment of respiratory system

function: warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air. Sensory organ for smell

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2
Q

The nose: external anatomy

A
  • nares - oval openings
  • vestibule - just inside each nare where it widens
  • Columella - divides the two nares, continues with nasal septum inside
  • ala: the lateral wing of the nose
  • upper 1/3 is bone, rest is cartilage
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3
Q

The nose: internal anatomy

A

Mucus membrane: darker than oral, richer vascular supply to warm air

  • septum: divides nasal cavity medially
  • superior, middle, inferior turbinates- bony projections which increase surface area so more mucous membrane is available to warm, humidify and filter air
  • olfactor nerve - transmits to temporal lobe to interpret smell
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4
Q

Sinuses -what are they
what sinuses are palpable
not palpable?

A

air-filled pockets in the carnium that provide mucous to the nasal cavity. Opening is narrow into nose, easily blocked which creates pressure or sinusitis.
PALPABLE
1. Frontal - above nose, medial to eyebrows
2. Maxillary - beside nose on cheeks
NOT PALPABLE
3. ethmoid - inner eye on nose
4. sphenoid- behind nose

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5
Q

The mouth - what makes up the oral cavity?

  • palate?
  • uvula?
  • tongue?
  • frenulum?
A

Oral cavity - short passage between lips, palate, cheeks and tongue. Contains teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands. Part of respiratory and digestive system

  • Hard palate: anterior roof, made of bone
  • Soft palate: posterior roof, made of muscle
  • uvula: projection hanging down middle of soft palate
  • tongue: muscle with tastebuds (functions for mastication, swallowing, speech and tasting).
  • papillae are taste buds, at back of tongue have large vallate papillae
  • Frenulum: midline fold of tissue that connects tongue to floor or mouth
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6
Q

Salivary glands

name them, and function

A

function- moistens foods and starts digestion process

  1. parotid gland (largest)
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
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7
Q

Throat (or pharynx) - describe the parts

A

Throat/pharynx - area behind the mouth and nose
- Nasopharynx - behind nasal cavity, continuous with oropharynx
- Oropharynx - seperated from oral cavity by the tonsillar pillars on each side.
Tonsils - lymphatic tissue mas
- Laryngopharynx, food and air pass through before enter trachea (respiratory system) or esophagus (digestive system)

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8
Q

Developmental considerations of Nose, Mouth, Throat for Infants and Children

A
  • salivation starts around 3 mo (drooling b/c can’t coordinate swallowing)
  • deciduous teeth (20 baby teeth, erupt between 6-24 mo)
  • permanent teeth (around 6-7 yrs)
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9
Q

Developmental considerations of Nose, Mouth, Throat for pregnancy

A
  • increased vascularity and blood volume: increase nasal stuffiness and epistaxis (nose bleed), bleeding of gums
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10
Q

Developmental considerations of Nose, Mouth, Throat for Older Adults

A
  • decreased sense of smell (nasal hairs become more coarse, olfactory nerve fibers decrease around 60)
  • loss taste sensation (decreased number of tastebuds)
  • receding gum and tooth loss
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11
Q

Epistaxis

when is it concerning?

A

nose bleeds

> 20 mins = urgent attention; high blood pressure, clotting issue, fracture

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12
Q

rhinorrhea

A

discharge from nose

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13
Q

what can cause an altered sense of smell?

A

naturally decreases with age, allergies, smoking, head injury

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14
Q

Buccal mucosa

A

lining of cheeks and back of lips (inside mouth) - should be pink, smooth and moist

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15
Q

Stensen’s duct

A

(or parotid duct) secretes saliva near. dimple near second molar on buccal mucosa (Cheek)

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16
Q

Fordyce’s granules

A

visible sebaceous cysts (yellow dots) that are benign on buccal mucosa (cheek)

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17
Q

torus palatinus

A

harmless, bony growths on hard palate. can vary in size and shape

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18
Q

How do you grade tonsils?

A

0 - removed
1- tonsils are visible
2- tonsils are halfway between side of throat and uvula
3- tonsils are touching uvula
4- tonsils are touching each other (kissing tonsils - worried about airway)
(0,1,2=healthy)

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19
Q

The ear
function?
describe 3 parts

A

function - sensory organ for hearing and equilibrium

  1. external: pinna/auricle to tympanic membrane
  2. middle: tympanic membrane to oval window
  3. inner: oval window in
20
Q

External ear anatomy

  • pinna
  • tragus
  • lobule
  • external ear canal
  • typanic membrane
A
  • Pinna- funnels sound waves into the ear
  • Tragus- can occlude ear by pushing
  • Lobule- where ear piercing is
  • External auditor canal- ear canal to tympanic membrane.. lined with cerumen
  • Typmanic membrane (ear drum) separates external and middle ear
21
Q

Middle ear
Contains?
Functions?

A

a tiny air-filled cavity in the temporal bone
- contains auditory ossicles:
1. malleus
2. incus
3. stapes
- has eustachian tube
function:
- conducts vibration from outer to inner ear
- protects inner ear by reducing sound
- equalizes air pressure on either side of ear drum (via eustachian tube)

22
Q

Inner ear
bony labyrinth
structures and function

A

bony labyrinth: holds the sensory organ for equilibrium and hearing, which includes

  • vestibule
  • semicircular canal
  • cochlea (central hearing apparatus)
23
Q

expain the process of Hearing

A
  1. sound waves > external ear canal > vibrations on tympanic membrane
  2. vibrations carred through middle ear ossicles > oval window
  3. vibrations travel through semicircular canal, vestibule, and cochlea and dissipate at the round window
  4. basilar membrane lining in inner ear vibrates according to the frequency being transmitted > causes organ of corti (hearing organ) to move
  5. organ of corti transmits vibration into electrical impulses to CNIII
  6. brainstem - binaural interaction (enables person to locate the direction of sound and identify the sound)
  7. cortex- interprets meaning of sound
24
Q

Hearing loss - 2 ways

A
  1. Conductive hearing loss: mechanical dysfunction in external or middle ear (impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, perforated eardrums, pus/serum middle ear)
  2. Sensoriuneuroal hearing loss: dysfunction of inner ear, Cranial nerve VIII or auditory areas in cerbral cortex. sound cannot be processed properly
    - can be a mixed loss
25
Q

Equilibrium: how does it work

A

Labyrinth in inner ear provides constant information to the brain about the body’s position in space
- if labyrinth is inflamed, can cause vertigo by feeding wrong info to body

26
Q

Ear developmental considerations for infants and children

A
  • Rubella: can damage organ of Corti in utero, causing hearing impairments
  • Eustachian tube is shorter and more horizontal, makes it easier for pathogens from nasopharynx to migrate to ear
27
Q

Ear developmental considerations for Adults

A
  • Otosclerosis: common cause of conductive hearing loss between 20-40; gradual hardening of stapes to become fixed in the oval window.
    Impeding transmission of sound, causes progressive deafness
28
Q

Ear developmental considerations for Older Adults

A
  • Cilia in external canal becomes coarser/ decrease sound waves travelling and cause cerumen to accumulate = reducing hearing
  • impact cerumen is common cause of reversible hearing loss
  • Presbycusis: type of hearing loss that occurs with ageing. Gradual sensorineural loss caused by nerve degeneration in inner ear or auditory nerve
29
Q

When inspected the tympanic membrane with the otoscope, what would you expect?

A

shiny, translucent, pearly gray

  • cone of light
  • flat or slightly concaved
  • no perforations
30
Q

The eyes

function

A

function - sensory organ of vision

31
Q 
External eye anatomy
palpable fissures
canthus
caruncle
canjunctiva
sclera
cornea
limbus
lacrimal gland
puncta
lacrimal sac
A
  • Palpable fissures - open space between eyels
  • Canthus: corner of eye where eyelids meet (medial and lateral)
  • Caruncle: inner canthus, small fleshy mass containing sebacious glands
  • Conjunctiva: transparent covering, thin mucous membrane between eyelid and eyeball
  • Sclera: white part of eye
  • Cornea: translucent layer over iris and pupil
  • Limbus: small area between corna and sclera
  • Iris: coloured part
  • Lacrimal gland: provides constant irrigation and releases tears. in upper eyelid. drains to puncta into lacrimal sac and empties into nose
  • Puncta: visible on upper and lower eyelids at inner canthus
32
Q 
Internal eye anatomy
Slera
Choroid
Lens
Anterior/posterior chambers - aqueous humor
Vitreous body
Retina
A
  • Sclera- tough protective white covering
  • Choroid: darkly pigmented to prevent light from reflecting internally, heavily vascularized as it delivers blood to retina.
  • Lens: transparent disc behind pupil. helps focus vision
  • Anterior and posterior chamber, Aqueous humor: produced by ciliary body, continuous flow to deliver nutrients and drain waste
  • Vitreous body: gelatinous big area
  • Retina: visual receptive layer where light waves change to nerve impulses, surrounded in vitreous humor
33
Q

Structures present in retina

A 
optic disk - which nerves emerge
Optic nerve
Retinal vessels -arteries an veins
Macula - darker red circle
Fovea Centralis - dark center of macula, sharpest area of vision
34
Q

Optic chiasm

A

x-shaped structure formed by the optic nerves crossing in the brain. images on retina are upside down and backwards

35
Q

Visual reflexes

A
  1. pupillary light reflex:
    a. direct light reflex - constriction of pupil when light is exposed to one eye
    b. consensual light reflex- the other eye, not exposed, also constricts
  2. fixation: rapid movement (you can’t see) to keep image in center of fovea centralis
  3. accommodation: coordinate change in pupil size in both eyes to look at close and far away items
36
Q

PERRLA

A

pupils, equal, round, reactive to light and accommodating

37
Q

Eye developmental considerations for infants and children

A

limited eye function at birth - macula is not fully formed until about 4 months, matures at 8 months

38
Q

Eye developmental considerations for older adults

A
  • decreased tear production (Dryness)
  • arcus senilis
  • less elastic lens
  • presbyopia
  • floaters
  • macular degeneration
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • diabetic retinopathy
39
Q

Arcus senilis

A

hallow ring around iris, caused by lipid material in OA

40
Q

Presbyopia

A

(around age 40) - effects ability for eyes to change shape, noticed most in near vision

41
Q

Floaters

A

debris in the vitreous humor of eye

42
Q

Macular degeneration

A

increases as we age, break down of cells in macula causing reduced central vision (peripheral may still be good)

43
Q

Cataracts

A

lens clouded instead of clear from protein that forms on the lens, surgically treated

44
Q

Glaucoma

A

increased ocular pressure from aqueous humor not draining properly
decreases peripheral vision

45
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

OA with diabeters are prone, damage to tiny blood vessels in retina causing blood leaks which can cause cloudy vision. Usually affects both eyes

NUR350 FINAL (9 decks)

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