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Boards: Nueromusculoskeletal > NMS Words > Flashcards

NMS Words Flashcards

1
Q

Agnosia

A

inability to recognize familiar objects with one form of sensation (i.e. visual agnosia)

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2
Q

Agraphesthesia

A

inability to recognize symbols, letters or numbers drawn or traced on the skin

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3
Q

Agraphia

A

inability to write due to a lesion within the brain and is typically found in combination with aphasia

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4
Q

akinesia

A

inability to initiate movement

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5
Q

Anosognosia

A

denial or unawareness of one’s illness; often associated with unilateral neglect

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6
Q

Fluent Aphasia

A
  • temporal lobe, wernicke’s area, or regions of the parietal lobe
  • word output and speech production are functional
  • empty speech/jargon
  • use of paraphrasias and neoglisms
  • Types include
    • _Wernicke’s _
    • Conduction Aphasia
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7
Q

Non Fluent Aphasia

A
  • frontal lobe (anterior speech center) of the DOMINANT hemisphere is affected
  • poor word output and dysprosodic speech
  • poor articulation and increased effort for speech
  • content present, impaired syntactical words
  • Types:
    • Broca’s aphasia
    • Global Aphasia
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8
Q

Receptive of Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • lesion: posterior region, superior temporal gyrus
  • Severe disturbance in auditory comprehension.
  • Reading, writing and word recognition impaired.
  • good articulation, use of paraphasias
  • poor naming ability
  • motor impairment not typical 2ndary to distance from motor cortex
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9
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

(fluent type of aphasia)

  • Lesion: supramarginal gyrus, arcuate fasciculus
  • severe impairment w/ repetition
  • intact fluency, good comprehension
  • speech interupted by word-finding difficulty
  • reading intact, writing impaired.
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10
Q

Expressive or Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Lesion: 3rd convolution of frontal lobe
  • Most common form of aphasia
  • Intact auditory and reading comprehension
  • paraphasias are common
  • motor impairment typical due to proximity to motor cortex
  • Severe difficulty in verbal expression with impairment in object naming and writing abilities. (mostly w/ R hemiplegia)
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11
Q

Global Aphasia

A
  • Lesion: frontal, temporal, parietal lobes
  • Comprehension (reading/auditory) severely impaired
  • _Impaired naming, writing, repetition skills _
  • May involuntarily verbalize; usually without correct context
  • may use nonverbal skills for communication
  • Most common and severe form of aphasia
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12
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to perform movements previously learned even though there is no loss of strength, coordination, sensation or comprehension

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13
Q

Ideational apraxia:

A

person no longer understands the “idea” of how to do routine task

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14
Q

Ideomotor apraxia:

A

person cannot do a task on command but can do it spontaneously

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15
Q

Astereognosis

A

inability to recognize objects by touch alone

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16
Q

asynergia

A

inability to move muscles together in a coordinated manner

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17
Q

ataxia

A

uncoordinated movement, especially gait.

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18
Q

athetosis

A

slow, involuntary, wormlike, twisting motions (usually w/ CP)

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19
Q

causalgia

A

burning sensations which are painful. often associated with CRPS type I

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20
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A

a common and bizarre breathing pattern characterized by a period of apnea lasting 10-60 seconds followed by gradually increasing, then decreasing depth and frequency of respirations __accompanies depression of frontal lobe and diencephalic dysfunction. postulated to be a result of an abnormality in the neurological respiration center. can occur with severe cases of TBI or CHF

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21
Q

Dysprosody

A

impairment in the rhythm and inflection of speech

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22
Q

Decerebrate Rigidity

A

A characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the brainstem:

  • results in extension contraction of the trunk and all extremities
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23
Q

Decorticate Rigidity

A

A characteristic of a corticospinal lesion at the level of the diencephalon where the trunk and lower extremities are positioned in EXT while the UE are flexed

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24
Q

Dysmetria

A

inability to judge distances (see cerebellar dysfunction)

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25
Q

dysphagia

A

inability to properly swallow

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26
Q

Dysarthria

A

slurred or impaired speech due to a motor defecit of the tongue or other muscles essential for speech

Lesion CN X or XII

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27
Q

Electromyography

A

study of the graphic record of contraction of a ms as a result of electrical stimulation. used to evaluate the voluntary electrical activity of the muscle.

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28
Q

Nerve Conduction Velocity Test

A

determines the speed of propagation of an action potential along a nerve or muscle fiber, usually to assess the severity of nerve compression

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29
Q

Neoglism

A

substitution within a word that is so severe that it makes the word unrecognizable

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30
Q

somatagnosia

A

lack of awareness of the relationship of one’s own body parts or the body parts of others

31
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

loss of half the visual field in each eye

Contralateral to the side of the cerebral hemisphere lesion (or optic tract)

32
Q

bitemporal hemianopsia

A

a deficit of the temporal or peripheral visual fields, caused by injury to the optic chasm aka - tunnel vision

33
Q

blindess

A

in one eye, results from damage to the optic nerve (monocular blindness)

34
Q

Brain Anatomy: Frontal Lobe

A

Function:

  • primary motor cortex
  • voluntary movement, intellect, orientation
  • Broca’s area (typically L hemi) controls motor aspect of speech, speech concentration
  • Personality, temper, judgement, executive functions

Impairment:

  • contralateral weakness
  • perserveration, inattention
  • personality changes, antisocial behavior
  • Broca’s Aphasia (expressive deficits)
  • delayed or poor initiation; emotional lability
35
Q

Brain Anatomy: Parietal Lobe

A

Function:

  • primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
  • associated w/ sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration and temperature
  • recieves info from other areas of brain regarding hearing, vision, motor, sensory and memory
  • interprets language and words
  • spatial and visual perception

Impairment:

  • dominant hemi (typically L): agraphia, alexia, agnosia
  • non dominant hemi (R): dressing apraxia, anosognosia
  • contralateral sensory deficits
  • impaired language comprehension
36
Q

Brain Anatomy: Temporal Lobe

A

Function

  • primary auditory cortex, processing and olfaction
  • Wernicke’s area (typically L) - ability to understand produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory assists with language
  • rear of lobe enables humans to interprets other peoples emotions and reactions

Impairment:

  • learning deficits
  • wernkicke’s aphasia (receptive deficits)
  • antisocial, agressive behaviors
  • difficulty with facial recognition
  • difficulty with memory/loss
  • inability to categorize objects
37
Q

Brain Anatomy: Occipital Lobe

A

Function:

  • primary visual cortex
  • main processing center for visual information
  • processes visual information regarding colors, light, and shapes
  • judgement of distance, seeing in 3D

Impairment:

  • homonymous hemianopsia
  • impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
  • reading and writing impairment
  • cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
38
Q

Limbic System

A

basic fucntions include feeding, aggression, emotions and endocrine aspects of sexual response

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

bodily homeostasis: body temp, eating, water balance, anterior pituitary function/sexual behavior and emotion

40
Q

Brain Anatomy: CNS

A

Telencephalon (Cebral hemispheres)

  • frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
  • insula
  • limbic system
  • basal ganglia

Diencephalon

  • thalamus
  • subthalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus

Brainstem

  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

41
Q

Analgesia

A

–

42
Q

Allodynia

A
43
Q

Abarognosis

A

-

44
Q

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

A

a painful inflammation of the posterior root ganglion, caused by a virus, resulting in the formation of vesicles along the course of the nerve

45
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

ptosis of the eyelid constriction of the pupil ipsilateral lack of face sweating *often accompanies stroke involving the Ant/Inferior or Post/Inferior Cerebellar arteries

46
Q

Adaptive Equipment SCI - Head/Mouth Stick

A

wooden or metal rod, 12-18 in

Typically used by C3, C4, or C5s

used by quads to hold utensils or devices (pencils)

can be used to type, turn pages, dial phone

47
Q

Adaptive Equipment SCI - Mobile Arm Support

A

attached to wheel chair

generally used to improve fxn w/ weak prox UE ms

Candidates: shoulder flexors, ER, elbow flex (1-3+/5)

helps w. self care, recreation, and use of hand control in power chair

48
Q

Adaptive Equipment SCI - Static Wrist-Hand Orthosis

A

Candidates: C1-C5 that have no wrist ext

not a functional device

provides support and thung abduction

49
Q

Adaptive Equipment SCI - Wrist Driven Orthosis

A

Tenodesis Splint

Candidates: C6 or C7 lesion

dynamic functional orthosis designed to assist grip

transfer muscle force produced by wrist extensors to create finger flexion

50
Q

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)

A

brief screening test for cognitive dysfunction

includes items for: orientation, registration, attention, calculation, recall and language

Score 1-30

21-24 = mild impairment

16-20 = moderate impairment

51
Q

Anosmia

A

inability to detect smells, seen w/ frontal lobe lesions or CN I testing (-)

52
Q

Myopia

A

impaired vision (near sighted)

53
Q

Presbyopia

A

Imaired Near Vision (far sighted)

54
Q

Pupillary Reaction

A

constriction by shining light in eye, Involves CN II and CN III

55
Q

Strabismus

A

Eye deviates from normal conjugate position - impaired eye movements

56
Q

Strabismus of CN III Testing

A

eye pulled outward by CN VI, eye cannot look upward, downward or inward

57
Q

Esotropia

A

eye pulled inward (strabismus of CN VI)

58
Q

Paralysis of Ipsilateral Facial Muscles

(With either Bells Palsy or Stroke V)

A

inability to close eye

droop in corner of mouth

Difficulty w/ speech articulation

59
Q

Nystagmus

A

constant, involuntary cyclical movement of the eyeball

60
Q

Rinne’s Test

A
  • Bone/Air conduction
  • holding a vibrating tuning fork on mastoid process and then **in front of the ear. **
  • Conductive Loss: Sound heard through bone is equal to or longer than air
61
Q

Webers Test

A
  • vibrating tuning fork placed on top of head
  • Unilateral Conductive Loss: sound lateralized to impaired ear
  • Sensorineural Loss: sound heard in good ear
62
Q

Dysphonia

Hoarseness vs. Nasal Quality indications

A

hoarseness: denotes vocal cord paralysis

nasal quality: denotes palatal weakness

63
Q

Central Cord Syndrome

A
  • Bilateral
    • motor function loss (UE>LE) corticospinal
    • analgesia *spinothalamic *
64
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

A

(Hemisection)

  • Ipsilateral
    • motor paralysis (spastic) corticospinal
    • loss of proprioception, vibration, 2 point discrimination dorsal columns
  • Contralateral
    • analgesia spinothalamic
65
Q

Anterior Cord Syndrome

A
  • Bilateral
    • motor loss (spastic paralysis) corticospinal
    • analgesia *spinothalamic *
66
Q

Posterior Cord Syndrome

A

Bilateral loss of proprioception, deep pressure, vibration, tactile discrimination and epicritic sensations (stereognosis, etc) Dorsal columns

67
Q

Cauda Equina Injury

A
  • Flaccid paralysis of spinal reflexes, bowel and bladder
  • Variable nerve root damage (motor and sensory)
  • Incomplete lesions are common
  • Potential for nerve regeneration - often incomplete, slows and stops after ~1 year
68
Q

Kernig’s Sign

A
  • Patient positioned in supine, flex hip and knee fully to chest and then extend knee
  • (+) pain and increased resistance to extending the knee due to spasm of hamstrings
  • _Bilateral (+) suggests meningeal irritation _
69
Q

Brudzinki’s Sign

A
  • Patient in supine, flex neck to chest
  • (+) causes flexion hips and knees (drawing up)
  • (+) suggests meningeal irritation
70
Q

Signs of Increased ICP 2nd to Cerebral Edema or Brain Herniation

A
  • level of consciousness
    • restless confusion to unresponsive
  • vital signs
    • increased BP, slow pulse
    • periods of apnea, Cheyne-Stokes Resp
    • increased temp
  • Headache
  • Vommiting (CN X)
  • Pupillary Changes (CN III)
    • ipsilateral dilation, bilat
  • Papilledema at entrance to eye
  • progressive impaired motor function
    • rigidity, weakness, hemiplegia, UMN
  • Seizure activity
71
Q

Myadrisis

A

Dilation of pupils

(sympathetic Response)

72
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A
  • stressful situations - widespread activation
  • inhibition salivation and tearing
  • **pupil dilation **
  • increased HR
  • dilates blood flow in skeletal ms
  • constricts blood to skin/viscera
  • relaxes airways
  • stimulates epinephrine/norepinephrine
  • decreases peristalsis, motility, digestion
  • increases sweating
  • stimulates glucose product/release
  • relaxes bladder
73
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation

A
  • Conservation and homeostasis, local/short act
  • stimulates salivation and tearing
  • constricts pupils
  • slows HR
  • dilates blood vessels to gut
  • constricts airways
  • stimulates pancrease to release insulin and digestive enzymes
  • stimulates urinary bladder to contract

Boards: Nueromusculoskeletal (12 decks)

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