NMS 2

Question 1

Briefly explain the Frankfurt Horizontal and its importance in posture.

Answer 1

It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left orbit (the point called the left orbitale) and the upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the porion, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the earth at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject

The vertical body axis alternates between tilting forward and backward. Before each tilt reaches the tipover point the nervous system counters with a signal to reverse direction. Sway also occurs in the hip and there is a slight winding and unwinding of the lower back.[

Question 2

Explain how the fascia of the forearm assists in redirecting forces through the upper extremity and how dysfunction may lead to elbow problems.

Answer 2

Due to its strong tensile nature, fascia can mechanically transfer pulling forces throughout the body.

Arm (brachial fascia) - separates the flexor compartment from the extensor compartment.

Forearm (antebrachial fascia) - separates the flexor muscles of the forearm from the extensor muscles

– fascia thickens and forms retinaculum (one flexor and one extensor).

Question 3

Patient A presents in clinic with a letter from her General Practitioner.
It says that eight months ago she had Polyradiculoneuropathy (‘Guillain Barre syndrome’), but it now has fully recovered. She now has Multiple Mononeuropathy.

a. ONE likely scenario/situation causing Polyradiculoneuropathy (‘Guillain Barre syndrome’) (25%)

Answer 3

GBS has been shown to be caused by the immune system to attack nerves

Two thirds of people with Guillain–Barré syndrome have experienced an infection before the onset of the condition. Most commonly these are episodes of gastroenteritis or a respiratory tract infection.

Approximately 30% of cases are provoked by Campylobacter jejuni bacteria, which cause diarrhea

Question 4

TWO likely neurological symptoms of Polyradiculoneuropathy (‘Guillain Barre syndrome’) (nature/ location) (25%)

Answer 4

numbness
pins and needles

In arms and legs, slowly spreading
Multiple nerves on both sides of the body

Question 5

c. The results of (but not how to do it) ONE sensory test (signs) that would differentiate Polyradiculoneuropathy (‘Guillain Barre syndrome’) from Multiple Mononeuropathy. (25%)

Answer 5

.,,,,

Question 6

d. The results of (but not how to do it) ONE motor test that would differentiate Polyradiculoneuropathy (‘Guillain Barre syndrome’) from Multiple Mononeuropathy” (25%)

Answer 6

……

Question 7

Patient B presents complaining of tingling and twitching muscles near his right thumb when driving. These muscles are shrunken.

a. State one named nerve route and one spinal nerve that might be involved and why you have chosen them.

Answer 7

median nerve - The recurrent branch of the median nerve innervates the thenar muscles.

C6 – T1. (Also contains fibres from C5 in some individuals).

Innervates Palmar cutaneous branch, spared in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Question 8

b. Draw a diagram comparing the areas of abnormal skin sensation they might cause.

Answer 8

draw diagram of lower left of palm or outside

Question 9

c. Show how your motor test results (do not describe how to do them) would help you differentiate between your nominated named nerve route and spinal nerve.

Answer 9

,..

Question 10

Show how you could use the results of tests of sensory function to decide whether tingling in a man’s feet originates in his peripheral or central nervous system

Answer 10

…

Question 11

Define “fine motor” development and give two examples of an important stage, including the age at which you would expect to see this development.

Answer 11

0-3 months old

Will watch the movement of their hands and brings hands to their mouth
Will follow a person’s movements with their eyes
Will begin to hold objects in their hands

9-12 months old
Begins to feed themselves finger foods