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Histology > NMBE Review > Flashcards

NMBE Review Flashcards

1
Q

Tight Junctions/ Zonulae Occludens

A

The borders of two cells are fused together.

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2
Q

lamina propria

A

Thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa.

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3
Q

The intercellular passage of ions from the luminal surface of the intestines to the lamina propria is prevented by the presence of …

A

Tight Junctions/Zonulae Occludens

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4
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

conducting regions lined by cuboidal epithelium that cover small amounts of smooth muscle.

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5
Q

cuboidal epithelium

A

knob-like projections; consists of single layer cells that are as tall as they are wide. Important functions: secretion and absorption
- this epithelial type is found in small collecting ducts of th kidneys, pancreas and salivary glands

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6
Q

emphysema

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - the air sacs in the lungs become damaged and stretched –> results in chronic cough and difficulty breathing; can be genetic.

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7
Q

overdistention

A

excessive stretching of an organ, e.g., of the lungs during mechanical ventilation or of the urinary bladder in bladder outlet obstruction

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8
Q

bladder outlet obstruction

A

Common causes of bladder outlet obstruction include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder stones, bladder or pelvic tumors, and scar tissue (stricture) of the urethra. Bladder outlet obstruction is most common in older men than in other groups. Treatment depends upon the underlying cause.

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9
Q

Emphysema is characterized by overdistention & destruction of which of the following structures?

A

Alveolar ducts

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10
Q

Melanin

A

Melaninis made in melanosomes in melanocytes that are interspersed with basal cells of the epidermis.

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11
Q

melanocytes

A

aremelanin-producingneural crest-derivedcellslocated in the bottom layer (thestratum basale) of the skin’sepidermis, the middle layer of theeye(theuvea),theinner ear,vaginal epithelium, meninges,bones,andheart.

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12
Q

neural crest cells

A

Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to vertebrates that arise from the embryonic ectoderm germ layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.

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13
Q

Diurnally

A

biology specialized. during the day rather than at night: Tortoises arediurnallyactive, moving mainly during the daytime..

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14
Q

Pinealocyte

A

Pinealocytes are the main cells contained in the pineal gland, located behind the third ventricle and between the two hemispheres of the brain. The primary function of the pinealocytes is the secretion of the hormone melatonin, important in the regulation of circadian rhythms.

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15
Q

A diurnally secreted biogenic amine synthesized in pinealocytes is?

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

Translation

A

is the process oftranslatingthe sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes.

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17
Q

Cytoplasmic Ribosomes

A

are found on the endoplasmic reticulum and in thecytoplasm. They translate all mRNAs produced from nuclear genes and perform the majority of cellular protein synthesis.Ribosomesare formed by two ribonucleoprotein subunits, large and small.

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18
Q

Endoplasmicreticulum

A

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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19
Q

Hydrophilic

A

signaling molecules, orligands, act by binding to receptor proteins on the surface of target cells.

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20
Q

Hydrophobic ligands

A

are transported through the blood stream attached to ahydrophiliccarrier. When released, they can pass through the membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

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21
Q

Amino Terminus

A

TheN-terminus(also known as theamino-terminus, NH2-terminus,N-terminal endoramine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the freeaminegroup (-NH2) located at theendof a polypeptide.

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22
Q

Renal Cortex

A

the outer portion of thekidneybetween therenalcapsule and therenalmedulla. In the adult, it forms a continuous smooth outer zone with a number of projections (corticalcolumns) that extend down between the pyramids.

23
Q

A protein being translated on a cytoplasmic ribosome is directed to the endoplasmic reticulum because…

A

A hydrophobic signal sequence is encoded into the protein at its amino terminus

24
Q

Efferent Arterioles

A

blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract. –> Carrying blood out away from the glomerulus. –> role: maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations of blood pressure

25
Q

juxtamedullary glomeruli

A

15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla

26
Q

Glomerulus

A

a cluster of nerve endings, spores or small blood vessels, in particular a cluster of capillaries around the end of kidney tubule, where waster products are filtered from the blood.

27
Q

Proximal Efferent Arteriole

A

irregularly shaped and regions of adjacent cells may be separated from one another so that gaps exist –> and areas underlying are not covered by smooth muscles –> possess smooth muscle cells with a sphincteric orientation

28
Q

Distal Efferent Arteriole

A

the cells of the distal segments of the efferent arterioles are multipolar pericytes. The pericytes appear to have a limited capability to modulate renal hemodynamics

29
Q

multipolar pericytes

A

Pericytesare cells that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries and venules throughout the body. They are located in the basement membrane which allows them to communicate very efficiently.

30
Q

Arete mirabile

A

(Latinfor “wonderful net”; pluralretia mirabilia) is a complex ofarteriesandveinslying very close to each other. The rete mirabile utilizes countercurrent blood flow within the net (blood flowing in opposite directions) to act as acountercurrent exchanger.

  • an elegant rete mirabile in theefferent arteriolesofjuxtamedullary glomeruliis important in maintaining thehypertonicityof therenal medulla.
  • It is the hypertonicity of this zone, resorbing waterosmoticallyfrom the renal collecting ducts as they exit thekidney, that makes possible the excretion of a hypertonicurineand maximum conservation of body water.
31
Q

vascular retia mirabilia

A

found in the limbs of a range of mammals. These reduce the temperature in the extremities

32
Q

In the renal cortex, the labyrinth of capillaries that carry resorbed glucose out of the kidney arises directly from?

A

Efferent arterioles

33
Q

uterine lining/ endometrium

A

the endometrium grows and thickens throughout the month in response to estrogen. its purpose is to help support a fertilized egg, - no pregnancy = lining will shed

34
Q

The proliferation of uterine endometrium depends on?

A

Estrogen

35
Q

Spermatogonium

A

a cell produced at an early stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed in the wall of a seminiferous tubule and giving rise by mitosis to spermatocytes

36
Q

3 subtypes of spermatogonium

A

Type A (dark) cells, with dark nuclei. These cells are reservespermatogonial stem cellswhich do not usually undergo activemitosis.

Type A (pale)cells, with pale nuclei. These are thespermatogonial stem cellsthat undergo activemitosis. These cells divide to produce Type B cells.

Type Bcells, which undergo growth and become primaryspermatocytes.

37
Q

seminiferous tubules function

A

to produce sperm, maintain sperm, and store the sperm. During the process of meiosis the sertoli cells that line theseminiferous tubulesundergo the process of differentiation to be converted into sperm.

Seminiferous tubulesarelocatedwithin the testes, and are the specificlocationof meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.

  • the seminiferous tubules are formed from the testis cords that develop from the primitive gonadal cords
38
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

epithelium of seminiferous tubules consist of Sertoli cells. Tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule.

  • embryologically the secrete anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) for the female Müllerian ducts to regress.
  • sertoli cells secrete androgen-binding protein
39
Q

androgen-binding protein

A

a binding protein which increases the concentration of testosterone inside the seminiferous tubules.

40
Q

two types of sertoli cells

A

convoluted and straight, convoluted toward the lateral side, and straight as the tubule comes medially to form ducts that will exit the testis.

41
Q

germinal epithelium

A

spermatogenesis occurs within the epithelium of seminiferous tubules

42
Q

spermatogonia remainin the basal compartment, true or false

A

true

43
Q

spermocytes migrate away from ____ ____ and cross into the ____ compartment

A

basement membrane, adluminal

44
Q

Adluminal compartment is towards where of the seminiferous tubule

A

The lumen

45
Q

the basal compartment is closest to where in the seminiferous tubule

A

basement membrane

46
Q

the border between basal compartment and adluminal compartment

A

Sertoli Cells.

47
Q

Which of the following cell types are found exclusively in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogonia

48
Q

Keratin

A

Keratins are a group of tough, fibrous proteins that form the structural framework of epithelial cells, which are cells that line the surfaces and cavities of thebody.

49
Q

hepatocyte

A

a liver cell. The major parenchymal cells in the liver: roles in metabolism, detoxification and protein synthesis

  • A portion of the lateral faces of hepatocytes is modified to form bile canaliculi.
  • Microvilli are present abundantly on the sinusoidal face and project sparsely into bile canaliculi
50
Q

bile canaliculi

A

Bile canaliculus(plural:bile canaliculi; also calledbilecapillaries) is a thin tube that collectsbilesecreted by hepatocytes.
Thebile canaliculiempty into a series of progressively largerbileductules and ducts, which eventually become common hepatic duct.

51
Q

Microvilli

A

(singular:microvillus) are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume, and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.

52
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

meshwork of fine disk-like tubular membrane vesicles, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids, which are used in the production of new cellular membrane. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is distinguished from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), the other basic type of endoplasmic reticulum, by its lack of ribosomes, which are protein-synthesizing particles that can be found attached to the outer surface of the RER to give the membrane its “rough” appearance. SER occurs both in animal and in plant cells.

53
Q

The function of the SER

A

the adrenal gland and certain other endocrine glands, it plays a key role in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol.

In the liver, enzymes in the SER catalyze reactions that render drugs, metabolic wastes, and harmful chemicals water-soluble, thereby contributing to their detoxification, or removal, from the body.

The SER also plays a role in the conversion of glycogen to glucose, with glucose-6-phosphatase, an enzyme present in SER, catalyzing the final step in glucose production in the liver.

In skeletal muscle cells, SER occurs as a specialized membrane structure known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a critical storage site for calcium ions, taking up the ions from the cytoplasm.

54
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a critical storage site for calcium ions, taking up the ions from the cytoplasm. It also releases calcium ions when the muscle cell is triggered by nerve stimuli, resulting in muscle contraction…

A

In this way, the sarcoplasmic reticulum helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is also found in smooth muscle cells, though in a more loosely organized form than in skeletal muscle.

Histology (1 decks)

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