Niyogi Lectures 13-14 Flashcards
The central nervous system and endocrine system cooperate to regulation homeostasis through extensive feedback loops.
The CNS works over a _____ term and the ES work over a _____ term.
The CNS works over a short term and the ES works over a long term
Compare the endocrine and nervous systems.
Define gland.
organ/tissue responsible for synthesis and secretion of cellular products
Define edocrine
secretion of material into extracellular space or blood vessels; includes autocrine, paracrine and neuro-endocrine
Explain local regulation using the terms autocrine and paracrine
What is distance regulation in the endocrine system?
Key terms: endocrine regulation, neuroendocrine regulation
Define hormone and list it’s functions.
Hormone: signalling molecule secreted by endocrine cells
Hormones regulate physiology, behaviour, and development
Define exocrine
Secretion of material onto a body surface or into a duct
Summarize the general chemistry of hormones using the terms amines, peptides, and steroids
This is not an exhaustive list; there are some hormones that do not fit into these categories
What are the signalling mechanisms of non-steroid hormones (derived from amino acids)? Give two examples.
Bind to plasma membrane receptors
e.g. epinephrine, insulin
What are the signalling mechanisms of steroid hormones (lipids derived from cholesterol). Give two examples.
Bind to intracellular receptors
e.g. insect developmental hormones, human sex hormones
Several hormones can be produced in a synthesis pathway. The molecule produced depends on enzyme gene expression in secretory cell.
These molecules can act as a hormone or a neurotransmitter.
Describe this synthesis pathway and the products at each step.
Hydrophilic hormones are stored in ________ ________ before secretion from the cell.
secretory vesicles
List the 6 steriods that are made from cholesterol.
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Estrogens
Progesterone
Ecdysons
Are hydrophobic hormones (steroids) stored in the cell?
Hydrophobic hormones diffuse out of the cell after synthesis
How are hormone levels in the blood regulated?
- altering the rate of synthesis
- altering the rate of secretion
- removal mechanisms in the liver and kidney of vertebrates
- conversion of inactive form to active form of target tissue (T4 to T3 by deiodinase in the liver)
- homeostatic feedback loops
Summarize the role of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal cortex and medulla, pancreas, and ovaries/testes in the endocrine system.
Explain the brain-pituitary connection in the endocrine systems of vertebrates.
The anterior lobe produces and releases hormones. The posterior lobe does not produce hormones per se—this is done by nerve cells in the hypothalamus—but it does release them into the circulation.
What hormones are released by the posterior vs anterior pituitary?
What is the result of insufficient T3 and T4 hormone?
hypothyroidism (goiter)
enlargement of the thyroid
What is the cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and nervous system response to the acute phase of endocrine stress?
List the physiological effects of the sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system.
What parts of the adrenal gland produce which hormones?
What are the major actions of glucocorticoids in stress?
Describe the Hypothalamis-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (Chronic Stress Response homeostatic control).
Neuroendocrine regulation of digestion in mammals
make a chart of this
Parasymp and symp at the top
hormones on the side
the effects
What sex hormones are produced and secreted by the gonads and how are they regulated?
Estrogens- maintain female reproductive system and develop female features
Progestins- prepare uterus to support embryo
Androgens- stimulate embryo to become male, maintain male reproductive system
Regulated by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
