ning- punnetts and shit

Question 1

What is genetics?

Answer 1

The study of heredity; it involves the study f cells, individuals, their offspring,a net he population within which the organisms live

Question 2

___ ___ is constructed by mating individuals from 2 parents strains each of which exhibits 1 of the 2 contrasting forms of the character under study

Answer 2

monohybrid cross (original parents = P1; their offspring= F1)

Question 3

dihybrid cross is constructed by mating individuals from 2 parent staring wen the genres under study are on ___ ____

Answer 3

different chromosomes. There are 2 pairs of contrasting forms of character under study; individuals resulting from self-fertilization of the F1 generation are called F2

Question 4

What is unit factor?

Answer 4

in pairs- genetic characters are controlled by unit factors that exist in pairs in individual organisms

Question 5

What is the difference between dominance and recessive?

Answer 5

when 2 unique unit factors for a single character are present in a single individual. one unit factor is dominant to the other which is said to be recessive

Question 6

What is segregation?

Answer 6

during the formation of gametes the paired unit factors separate randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood

Question 7

a ___ ___ is a specific position or location of a gene on a chromosome

Answer 7

genetic locus

Question 8

an ____ is an alternative form of a gene (unlike unit factor)

Answer 8

allele

Question 9

During the first division of meiosis, ___ ___ separate which are not identical

Answer 9

homologous chromosomes

Question 10

____ is when one gene can affect more than one trait

Answer 10

pleiotropy

Question 11

What is incomplete or partial dominance?

Answer 11

when the combining gene products from the two alternative allele produce an intermediate phenotype ( Rr x Rr = RR, 2Rr, rr; if R= red and r= pink than Rr is pink in F2 generation)

Question 12

___ is when 2 alleles are responsible for the production of 2 distinct and detectable products. The distinct genetic expression of both alleles in a heterozygote is called _____.

Answer 12

co-dominance x2 (ex. A and B= AB blood type)

Question 13

The existence of 2 or more discontinuous, segregating phenotypes in a population is known as

Answer 13

polymorphism (blood type)

Question 14

when expression or the lack of expression of certain genes can affect the survival of an organism

Answer 14

lethal allele

Question 15

What is epistasis?

Answer 15

the phenomenon of masking/ modifying the effect of one gene pair by the expression of another

Question 16

sex linkage is when the gene that determines a specific characteristic is on the ___ chromosome

Answer 16

sex

Question 17

during meiosis a limited number of ___ ___ occur randomly between homologous chromosomes, the ____ the the two ___ reside on the axis of the chromosome, the less likely it is that any ___ ___ will occur, and vis-versa

Answer 17

crossover event; closer; loci

Question 18

restriction enzymes cut the __ ___ in specific locations

Answer 18

DNA sequence

Question 19

After the restriction enzymes works, ___ ___ can allow the joining of different DNA, but __ ___ are left jagged after they’ve been cut

Answer 19

blunt ends; adhesive ends

Question 20

adding labeled nucleotides allows you to locate ___ ___ on DNA

Answer 20

specific locations

Question 21

a circular ___ ____ ____ undergoes cleave with a restriction nuclease, addition of the DNA fragment to be cloned which undergoes ___ ___ by DNA ligase resulting in recombinant DNA

Answer 21

double stranded plasmid DNA (cloning vector); covalent linkage

Question 22

___ ____ uses labeled complementary DNA or RNA probe to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion of a tissue

Answer 22

in situ hybridization

Question 23

The physical appearance of a trait is called the _____ of the individual

Answer 23

phenotype

Question 24

Individuals resulting from self-fertilization of the F1 generation are called __ ___.

Answer 24

F2 generation

Question 25

When two unlike unit factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is _____ to the other, which is said to be

Answer 25

dominant; recessive

Question 26

During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate or ___ ___ so that each gametes receives one or the other with equal likelihood

Answer 26

segregate randomly

Question 27

a sequence of DNA bases containing biologically useful info is called a ____

Answer 27

gene

Question 28

one maternal and one paternal chromosome paired is referred to as ____

Answer 28

homology

Question 29

The first division in meiosis separates ___ ___. The second division in meiosis separates ___ ___.

Answer 29

homologous chromosomes; sister Chromatids

Question 30

Cells contain two sets of chromosomes are _____. Condition in which cells contain one set of chromosomes (eggs & sperms also called gametes) are called ____.

Answer 30

diploid; haploid

Question 31

During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort _____.

Answer 31

independently of each other (independent assortment)

Question 32

The _____ of a genetic disorder is the proportion of individuals with the __-__ genotype who actually express the trait; complete ____ means the trait is expressed in 100 percent of persons with that genotype

Answer 32

penetrance; at-risk; penetrance

Question 33

___ ___ are a tool for DNA recombination, it is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as _____ sites

Answer 33

restriction enzymes; restriction

Question 34

Non-blunt ends are created by ___ ___. An overhang is a stretch of unpaired nucleotides in the end of a DNA molecule. These unpaired nucleotides can be in either strand, creating either __ or __ overhangs. These overhangs are in most cases ____.

Answer 34

various overhangs; 3’ or 5’; palindromic

Question 35

The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule is called a __ ___, when both strands terminate in a base pair. They are not always desired in biotechnology since when using a __ __ to join two molecules into one, the yield is significantly lower with them.

Answer 35

blunt end; DNA ligase

Question 36

The DNA template can be labeled at the __ or ___end, depending on the location of the binding site(s). Labels that can be used are: ___ and ___.

Answer 36

3’ or 5’; radioactivity and fluorescence