Nicola Eriksen Flashcards
Block 1 Evaluation
The 4 areas of anatomy include
histology - micro
gross anatomy - macro
neuroanatomy
embryology
What are the two things anatomy needs?
Form and Function
The human body is organized into 6 categories, what are they?
chemical level cellular level tissue level organ level organ system level organismal level
What are the two kinds of body division and explain what parts of the body?
Axial - Head, neck, spinal cord, trunk
Appendicular - limbs
what are the organ systems? (hint there are 11)
Integumentary - skin, hair, and nails (covers the body)
Skeletal - bones and joints of the body
Muscular - muscle, the skeletal and muscular systems work together to support and move the body
Nerves - brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body
Endocrine - glands that produce and secrete hormones, nervous and endocrine system work together in the integration and coordination
Digestive - starts at mouth ends at anus
Respiratory System - nose, air passageways, and lungs
Cardiovasuclar - blood, blood vessels, and heart
Lymphatic - immune system
Urinary - bladder, kidneys, urethra, uterus
all three systems above support each other in the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
Reproductive - sexual maturation and procreation
what do you call your front and side of the body?
Anterior and Lateral
what are the two main cavities on your anterior side?
Thoracic and Abdominal
Directional terms
Superior and Inferior Anterior and Posterior Medial and Lateral Proximal and Distal Superficial and Deep (ex fat) (SKIN!!!) Parietal (first layer) and Visceral (second layer)
Plane and Sections of the body (hint there are 5)
Sagittal - is a vertical plane that divides the human body by left and right parts, when the sagittal plane passes through the midline body it is called midsagittal
Coronal(Frontal) - is a vertical plane that divides the body from anterior to posterior
Horizontal(transverse) - divides the body from superior to inferior horizontally
Oblique - the passes through the body at an angle
Longitudinal - both sagittal and coronal planes are examples of longitudinal planes
There are 4 basic tissues in the human body which are building blocks for every organ
epithelium
connective
muscular
nervous
what kinds of epithelium tissue are there? (hint there are 2)
covering - covers the external and internal surfaces
glandular - secrete and produce products
what kinds of characteristics does epithelium tissues has (hint there are 5)
cellularity - adjacent epithelial cells are joined by junctions, there are four junctions; tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap
polarity - Apical surface; exposed to external or internal surfaces or Basal surface which is attached to the underlying tissues
attachment - rest on or attached to the basal lamina ( basement membrane )
avascularity - has no direct contact with blood vessels receives nutrients from underlying other types of tissues
regeneration - renewed constantly
Functions of epithelium tissue
support and protection - covers and lines external and internal parts of the body protecting the tissue
permeability (absorption in digestive system)
sensation (skin)
secretion (glandular cells)
protection (skin)
what are the three cell shapes (epithelium)
squamous - flat thin wide, irregular shape
cuboidal - nucleolus in the middle
columnar - rectangle shape, the nucleolus is oval is shape
cell organization
simple - only one cell layer thick
stratified - two or more cell layers thick
how do you name an epithelium tissue
simple squamous
simple squamous (where can they be found)
lining blood vessels, thin barrier allow rapid exchange
simple cuboidal (where can they be found)
lining some glands, glandular
simple columnar (where can they be found)
found in the gastrointestinal tract, for rapid exchange
stratified squamous (where can they be found)
makes up the superficial layers of ski, allows the protect deep layers of the skin
stratified cuboidal (where can they be found)
found in glands to secrete and produce and protection
stratified columnar (where they can be found)
male urethra, secretion and protection
The two other shapes of epithelium tissues
transitional - (multiple layers) allows for stretching, domed shape (relaxed) and flatten out (stretched)
pseudostratified (ciliated columnar) - (single layers) cilia, hair-like
connective tissue (what are the three kinds of ct)
-most widespread and abundant tissue in the human body
loose, dense regular, dense irregular
functions of the ct
support and protection - bones around the skull protect the brain, kidneys are surrounded by fat \
structural framework - cartilage supports nose, ear, trachea and bones provided framework for skeletal muscles
medium for exchange - blood carries supplies
storage and repair - bones store calcium and fat stores a vast energy source
defence - physical barrier basically fights with the immune system and helps it
components of ct
cells - fixed (permanent) or wandering
fibres - elastic ( thin, branched, rubber-like ), collagen (most abundant, strengthens, like a rope), and reticular (thin)
ground substances - high water content, transparent, thick, and in between the fibres and cells
what are the types of connective tissues ( 3 types)
ct proper
supporting ct
specialized (fluid) ct
ct proper
loose ct - more ground substances ct with a few fibres(ex adipose tissue)
dense ct - less groud substances and more elastic fibres
supporting ct
bone - framework of the body
cartilage - structural component
specialized (fluid) ct
blood
lymph
what is cartilage
firm tissue, found in joints to allow moveable bones, between the vertebrae in the spine, ears, nose, and bronchi tubules
what are the components of cartilage
ground substances - firm gel that makes cartilage solid
fibres - collagen or elastic
cells - are called chondrocytes located in lacunae that contain one or more cells
perichondrium - dense irregular ct, that provides cartilage with nutrients
lacunae - a small space in cartilage that houses chondrocytes one or more
what types of cartilage are there? (hint there are 3 kinds)
Hyaline - meant to bear and distribute weight, very strong rubber and flexible tissue, joints, walls, nose, trachea, rib
fibrocartilage - tough and inflexible, resistant, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
elastic - very flexible, (eustachian tube) connects ear to nose, epiglottis,
Bone functions
support locomotion protection blood cell production mineral metabolism
bone components
1/3 organic - cell, fibre, ground substance
2/3 inorganic - salts, minerals
bone structure
each osteon is made up of:
concrete rings,
bones cells,
central canal (Haversian) - blood vessels and nerves
skeletal system facts
- 20% of our body mass
- 206 named bones
- bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage
- divided into two axial and appendicular
functions of the skeletal system
support - long bones act at pillars for the trunk of the body, the ribs anchor thoracic wall, skeleton framework acts to anchor all the soft organisms
protection - ribs enclose the thoracic wall which protects the heart, the skull protects the brain, the vertebra protects spinal nerves and soft tissues
blood cell formation - hematopoiesis in bone marrow produces RBC
storage - fat is found in the interior bones as well as minerals
movement - skeletal muscles use the bones as levers
basic composition of the bone
outer cortical layer - compact bone, stong, hard
inner cancellous layer - spongy like porous
medullary cavity - blood cells are produced here, bone marrow
what is the difference between ligaments and tendons
ligaments - attach bone to bone
tendons - attach muscle to bone
four types of bones
long (elongated cylindrical shaft) - legs(femur) and arms
short - wrist
flat - bone of the skull
irregular - vertebrae
structures of long bones:
most abundant in the human body
Epiphysis - form joint, serves as attachments for ligaments and tendons
Metaphysis - in between
Diaphysis - elongated cylindrical shaft
Articular cartilage
it is hyaline cartilage(carries weight - joints), covers epiphysis reduces friction between joints and absorbs shocks from movable joint
periosteum
tough sheath of ct that covers the surface of the bone except for areas of articular cartilage protects and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone, it also has the cell to produce new blood cells
skull bones ( 2 main ones )
there are 22 skull bones
cranial bones
facial bones
cranial bones 5 types
frontal (1 bone) - forehead, tops of your eye sockets
temporal (paired) - zygomatic process, mastoid process, external auditory meatus
parietal bones (paired) - superior and lateral
occipital bone (single) - foramen magnum(spinal cord), occipital condyles (first bone of the neck)
sphenoid bone - keystone bone as it attaches the cranial and facial bones, bat-shaped
sutures of the skull
coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
what is the cranial vault
roof of the skull, skull cap
what is the cranial base
the fossa is defined as the depression of the bone where the brain sits in three fossa; anterior, middle, posterior
facial bone of the skull 4 types
maxillary (maxillae) - paired and upper jaw bones
Nasal bone - the bridge of the nose
zygomatic bone - forms the zygomatic arch
mandible bone - lower jaw, body, ramus, and angle
vertebral column spine
24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
there are 5 division with the spine
cervical thoracic lumber sacrum - fused bone coccyx - fused bone
Vertebrae structure
body
vertebral arch (spinous and transverse)
vertebral foramen
Atypical Vertebrae
C1 - provides surfaces for dens and occipital condyles, skull rest on top and allows for the yes motion
C2 - dens, allows the no movement
vertebral articulations
intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage
intervertebral foramina - for nerves to pass-through
sacrum and coccyx
fusion of bones (5 and 3)
ribs
12 pairs of ribs
true ribs - attached to sternum
false ribs - 7th rib attached to sternum
floating ribs - none attached to sternum
sternum (breastbone)
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
pectoral Girdle ( hint there are two parts )
clavicle (collar bone) - joins with the manubrium proximally (sternal end) and joins with the scapula distally (acromial end)
scapula (shoulder blade) - coracoid process together with acromion, help stabilize the should joint with the humerus and glenoid fossa
Arm consists of
humerus which is joined at the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. head, neck, the shaft, and at the distal end that joins with the radius and ulna form the elbow joint
that have three ends the: lateral and medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea and other side is olecranon fossa
forearm consists of
radius - head is attached to the capitulum of the humerus and the distal end is the styloid process which connects to carpal which forms the wrist joint. Plus the neck is attached to the ulna
ulna - olecranon connects to the distal end of the humerus olecranon fossa and the trochlear notch locks with the trochlea distal end of humerus, head is styloid process
wrist and hand consists of
carpal bones wrist
metacarpal bones palm
phalanges bones fingers
pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis these attach the lower limb to the axial
ilium
PSIS
PIIS
ASIS
AIIS
Ischium and pubis
pubis infuses with both ilium and ischium made of fibrocartilage
features of the pelvic bone that connects it with the femur
greater sciatic notch - passages of nerves and vessels
lesser sciatic notch - permits the passage of structures
acetabulum - head of the femur
obturator foramen - passage nerves and vessels
what does the thigh consist of
femur - head and neck proximal end connects to the pelvic girdle of acetabulum forming the hip joint
distal end lateral and medial condyle forms the knew joint to tibia and plus the patellar surface to femur and groove of patella
leg consists of
tibia - medial and lateral condyle femur connects with the head and there is also the tibial tuberosity, the distal end is the medial malleolus
fibula - proximal end its medial head connects to the tibia and end is lateral malleolus
ankle and foot
tarsal bones - ankle
metatarsal bones - foot
phalanges - toes
joints moble and stable
the most moble joint the least stable the most stable joint the least moble
synovial joints
enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid-filled cavity
movements of this joint
gliding - the motions of bones sliding over one another
angular - (flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction(away from the body), adduction (towards the body))
rotation - joint pivots around its own axis
special movements - supination and pronation(rotation of radius over the ulna, supination is palm faces anterior and pronation palm faces posterior), inversion(medially) and eversion(laterally) (twisting motion of the ankle), circumduction (continuous movement combines all angular movements)
what are the 3 kinds of muscles
skeletal muscle - movement, bones and tendons
cardiac muscle - heart is modulated by neural and hormone activity
smooth muscle - controlled by the nervous system or hormones
muscles can be characterized by their morphology (2 answers for this )
functions and morphology-form
functions
voluntary - muscles that are consciously controlled (skeletal muscle)
involuntary - not controlled (smooth and cardiac muscles)
morphology-form
smooth - found in blood vessels and digestive tract, contains a single nucleus, fusiform-shaped no striations
Striated - found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle - multi nucleus for skeletal and found peripherally and single nucleus in cardiac found centrally and feature intercalated discs
how do muscle function
contractility - muscle cell excited by a nerve or hormone cause muscle to contract
excitability - muscle tissues receive a response from nerves or hormones
there are three kinds of ct in muscle-skeletal
epimysium - covers the entire muscle and becomes the tendon
perimysium - surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle)
endomysium - layer that covers individual muscle fibre
with a muscle bundle enclosed the myofibrils
muscle cell and its components
nuclei - multi
t-tubules - transmit nerves stimulated to the sarcoplasmic R
SR ^ - surrounds each myofibril muscle cells that stored calcium
sarcolemma - surrounds the membrane
myofibril - contain myofilaments
myofilaments - contractile
myofilaments and its components
myofilaments are organized into repeating sarcomere, consists of actin(thin) and myosin(thick) remember the letters
facial expression (muscles)
frontalis - eyebrow lift
orbicularis oculi - close eyes
zygomaticus - smile
orbicularis oris - kiss
mastication
temporalis
masseter
head and neck 3 muscles
sternocleidomastoid muscle
semispinalis capitis
splenius capitis
Thorax (ribs)
external and internal
Back
Erector spine muscles
abdominal wall
external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis rectus abdominis (tendinous intersections and linea alba)
