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Anat 100 Block 1 Evaluation > Nicola Eriksen > Flashcards

Nicola Eriksen Flashcards

Block 1 Evaluation

1
Q

The 4 areas of anatomy include

A

histology - micro
gross anatomy - macro
neuroanatomy
embryology

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2
Q

What are the two things anatomy needs?

A

Form and Function

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3
Q

The human body is organized into 6 categories, what are they?

A 
chemical level
cellular level
tissue level 
organ level 
organ system level 
organismal level
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4
Q

What are the two kinds of body division and explain what parts of the body?

A

Axial - Head, neck, spinal cord, trunk

Appendicular - limbs

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5
Q

what are the organ systems? (hint there are 11)

A

Integumentary - skin, hair, and nails (covers the body)
Skeletal - bones and joints of the body
Muscular - muscle, the skeletal and muscular systems work together to support and move the body
Nerves - brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body
Endocrine - glands that produce and secrete hormones, nervous and endocrine system work together in the integration and coordination
Digestive - starts at mouth ends at anus
Respiratory System - nose, air passageways, and lungs
Cardiovasuclar - blood, blood vessels, and heart
Lymphatic - immune system
Urinary - bladder, kidneys, urethra, uterus
all three systems above support each other in the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
Reproductive - sexual maturation and procreation

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6
Q

what do you call your front and side of the body?

A

Anterior and Lateral

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7
Q

what are the two main cavities on your anterior side?

A

Thoracic and Abdominal

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8
Q

Directional terms

A 
Superior and Inferior 
Anterior and Posterior 
Medial and Lateral 
Proximal and Distal 
Superficial and Deep (ex fat) (SKIN!!!) 
Parietal (first layer) and Visceral (second layer)
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9
Q

Plane and Sections of the body (hint there are 5)

A

Sagittal - is a vertical plane that divides the human body by left and right parts, when the sagittal plane passes through the midline body it is called midsagittal
Coronal(Frontal) - is a vertical plane that divides the body from anterior to posterior
Horizontal(transverse) - divides the body from superior to inferior horizontally
Oblique - the passes through the body at an angle
Longitudinal - both sagittal and coronal planes are examples of longitudinal planes

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10
Q

There are 4 basic tissues in the human body which are building blocks for every organ

A

epithelium
connective
muscular
nervous

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11
Q

what kinds of epithelium tissue are there? (hint there are 2)

A

covering - covers the external and internal surfaces

glandular - secrete and produce products

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12
Q

what kinds of characteristics does epithelium tissues has (hint there are 5)

A

cellularity - adjacent epithelial cells are joined by junctions, there are four junctions; tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap
polarity - Apical surface; exposed to external or internal surfaces or Basal surface which is attached to the underlying tissues
attachment - rest on or attached to the basal lamina ( basement membrane )
avascularity - has no direct contact with blood vessels receives nutrients from underlying other types of tissues
regeneration - renewed constantly

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13
Q

Functions of epithelium tissue

A

support and protection - covers and lines external and internal parts of the body protecting the tissue
permeability (absorption in digestive system)
sensation (skin)
secretion (glandular cells)
protection (skin)

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14
Q

what are the three cell shapes (epithelium)

A

squamous - flat thin wide, irregular shape
cuboidal - nucleolus in the middle
columnar - rectangle shape, the nucleolus is oval is shape

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15
Q

cell organization

A

simple - only one cell layer thick

stratified - two or more cell layers thick

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16
Q

how do you name an epithelium tissue

A

simple squamous

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17
Q

simple squamous (where can they be found)

A

lining blood vessels, thin barrier allow rapid exchange

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18
Q

simple cuboidal (where can they be found)

A

lining some glands, glandular

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19
Q

simple columnar (where can they be found)

A

found in the gastrointestinal tract, for rapid exchange

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20
Q

stratified squamous (where can they be found)

A

makes up the superficial layers of ski, allows the protect deep layers of the skin

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21
Q

stratified cuboidal (where can they be found)

A

found in glands to secrete and produce and protection

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22
Q

stratified columnar (where they can be found)

A

male urethra, secretion and protection

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23
Q

The two other shapes of epithelium tissues

A

transitional - (multiple layers) allows for stretching, domed shape (relaxed) and flatten out (stretched)
pseudostratified (ciliated columnar) - (single layers) cilia, hair-like

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24
Q

connective tissue (what are the three kinds of ct)

A

-most widespread and abundant tissue in the human body

loose, dense regular, dense irregular

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25
Q

functions of the ct

A

support and protection - bones around the skull protect the brain, kidneys are surrounded by fat \
structural framework - cartilage supports nose, ear, trachea and bones provided framework for skeletal muscles
medium for exchange - blood carries supplies
storage and repair - bones store calcium and fat stores a vast energy source
defence - physical barrier basically fights with the immune system and helps it

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26
Q

components of ct

A

cells - fixed (permanent) or wandering
fibres - elastic ( thin, branched, rubber-like ), collagen (most abundant, strengthens, like a rope), and reticular (thin)
ground substances - high water content, transparent, thick, and in between the fibres and cells

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27
Q

what are the types of connective tissues ( 3 types)

A

ct proper
supporting ct
specialized (fluid) ct

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28
Q

ct proper

A

loose ct - more ground substances ct with a few fibres(ex adipose tissue)
dense ct - less groud substances and more elastic fibres

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29
Q

supporting ct

A

bone - framework of the body

cartilage - structural component

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30
Q

specialized (fluid) ct

A

blood

lymph

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31
Q

what is cartilage

A

firm tissue, found in joints to allow moveable bones, between the vertebrae in the spine, ears, nose, and bronchi tubules

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32
Q

what are the components of cartilage

A

ground substances - firm gel that makes cartilage solid
fibres - collagen or elastic
cells - are called chondrocytes located in lacunae that contain one or more cells
perichondrium - dense irregular ct, that provides cartilage with nutrients
lacunae - a small space in cartilage that houses chondrocytes one or more

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33
Q

what types of cartilage are there? (hint there are 3 kinds)

A

Hyaline - meant to bear and distribute weight, very strong rubber and flexible tissue, joints, walls, nose, trachea, rib
fibrocartilage - tough and inflexible, resistant, intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
elastic - very flexible, (eustachian tube) connects ear to nose, epiglottis,

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34
Q

Bone functions

A 
support
locomotion 
protection 
blood cell production 
mineral metabolism
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35
Q

bone components

A

1/3 organic - cell, fibre, ground substance

2/3 inorganic - salts, minerals

36
Q

bone structure

A

each osteon is made up of:
concrete rings,
bones cells,
central canal (Haversian) - blood vessels and nerves

37
Q

skeletal system facts

A
  • 20% of our body mass
  • 206 named bones
  • bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, cartilage
  • divided into two axial and appendicular
38
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

support - long bones act at pillars for the trunk of the body, the ribs anchor thoracic wall, skeleton framework acts to anchor all the soft organisms
protection - ribs enclose the thoracic wall which protects the heart, the skull protects the brain, the vertebra protects spinal nerves and soft tissues
blood cell formation - hematopoiesis in bone marrow produces RBC
storage - fat is found in the interior bones as well as minerals
movement - skeletal muscles use the bones as levers

39
Q

basic composition of the bone

A

outer cortical layer - compact bone, stong, hard
inner cancellous layer - spongy like porous
medullary cavity - blood cells are produced here, bone marrow

40
Q

what is the difference between ligaments and tendons

A

ligaments - attach bone to bone

tendons - attach muscle to bone

41
Q

four types of bones

A

long (elongated cylindrical shaft) - legs(femur) and arms
short - wrist
flat - bone of the skull
irregular - vertebrae

42
Q

structures of long bones:

A

most abundant in the human body
Epiphysis - form joint, serves as attachments for ligaments and tendons
Metaphysis - in between
Diaphysis - elongated cylindrical shaft

43
Q

Articular cartilage

A

it is hyaline cartilage(carries weight - joints), covers epiphysis reduces friction between joints and absorbs shocks from movable joint

44
Q

periosteum

A

tough sheath of ct that covers the surface of the bone except for areas of articular cartilage protects and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone, it also has the cell to produce new blood cells

45
Q

skull bones ( 2 main ones )

A

there are 22 skull bones
cranial bones
facial bones

46
Q

cranial bones 5 types

A

frontal (1 bone) - forehead, tops of your eye sockets
temporal (paired) - zygomatic process, mastoid process, external auditory meatus
parietal bones (paired) - superior and lateral
occipital bone (single) - foramen magnum(spinal cord), occipital condyles (first bone of the neck)
sphenoid bone - keystone bone as it attaches the cranial and facial bones, bat-shaped

47
Q

sutures of the skull

A

coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

48
Q

what is the cranial vault

A

roof of the skull, skull cap

49
Q

what is the cranial base

A

the fossa is defined as the depression of the bone where the brain sits in three fossa; anterior, middle, posterior

50
Q

facial bone of the skull 4 types

A

maxillary (maxillae) - paired and upper jaw bones
Nasal bone - the bridge of the nose
zygomatic bone - forms the zygomatic arch
mandible bone - lower jaw, body, ramus, and angle

51
Q

vertebral column spine

A

24 vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx

52
Q

there are 5 division with the spine

A 
cervical 
thoracic 
lumber
sacrum - fused bone 
coccyx - fused bone
53
Q

Vertebrae structure

A

body
vertebral arch (spinous and transverse)
vertebral foramen

54
Q

Atypical Vertebrae

A

C1 - provides surfaces for dens and occipital condyles, skull rest on top and allows for the yes motion
C2 - dens, allows the no movement

55
Q

vertebral articulations

A

intervertebral disc - fibrocartilage

intervertebral foramina - for nerves to pass-through

56
Q

sacrum and coccyx

A

fusion of bones (5 and 3)

57
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs of ribs
true ribs - attached to sternum
false ribs - 7th rib attached to sternum
floating ribs - none attached to sternum

58
Q

sternum (breastbone)

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

59
Q

pectoral Girdle ( hint there are two parts )

A

clavicle (collar bone) - joins with the manubrium proximally (sternal end) and joins with the scapula distally (acromial end)
scapula (shoulder blade) - coracoid process together with acromion, help stabilize the should joint with the humerus and glenoid fossa

60
Q

Arm consists of

A

humerus which is joined at the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint. head, neck, the shaft, and at the distal end that joins with the radius and ulna form the elbow joint
that have three ends the: lateral and medial epicondyle, capitulum, trochlea and other side is olecranon fossa

61
Q

forearm consists of

A

radius - head is attached to the capitulum of the humerus and the distal end is the styloid process which connects to carpal which forms the wrist joint. Plus the neck is attached to the ulna
ulna - olecranon connects to the distal end of the humerus olecranon fossa and the trochlear notch locks with the trochlea distal end of humerus, head is styloid process

62
Q

wrist and hand consists of

A

carpal bones wrist
metacarpal bones palm
phalanges bones fingers

63
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium, pubis these attach the lower limb to the axial

64
Q

ilium

A

PSIS
PIIS
ASIS
AIIS

65
Q

Ischium and pubis

A

pubis infuses with both ilium and ischium made of fibrocartilage

66
Q

features of the pelvic bone that connects it with the femur

A

greater sciatic notch - passages of nerves and vessels
lesser sciatic notch - permits the passage of structures
acetabulum - head of the femur
obturator foramen - passage nerves and vessels

67
Q

what does the thigh consist of

A

femur - head and neck proximal end connects to the pelvic girdle of acetabulum forming the hip joint
distal end lateral and medial condyle forms the knew joint to tibia and plus the patellar surface to femur and groove of patella

68
Q

leg consists of

A

tibia - medial and lateral condyle femur connects with the head and there is also the tibial tuberosity, the distal end is the medial malleolus
fibula - proximal end its medial head connects to the tibia and end is lateral malleolus

69
Q

ankle and foot

A

tarsal bones - ankle
metatarsal bones - foot
phalanges - toes

70
Q

joints moble and stable

A

the most moble joint the least stable the most stable joint the least moble

71
Q

synovial joints

A

enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid-filled cavity

72
Q

movements of this joint

A

gliding - the motions of bones sliding over one another
angular - (flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction(away from the body), adduction (towards the body))
rotation - joint pivots around its own axis
special movements - supination and pronation(rotation of radius over the ulna, supination is palm faces anterior and pronation palm faces posterior), inversion(medially) and eversion(laterally) (twisting motion of the ankle), circumduction (continuous movement combines all angular movements)

73
Q

what are the 3 kinds of muscles

A

skeletal muscle - movement, bones and tendons
cardiac muscle - heart is modulated by neural and hormone activity
smooth muscle - controlled by the nervous system or hormones

74
Q

muscles can be characterized by their morphology (2 answers for this )

A

functions and morphology-form

75
Q

functions

A

voluntary - muscles that are consciously controlled (skeletal muscle)
involuntary - not controlled (smooth and cardiac muscles)

76
Q

morphology-form

A

smooth - found in blood vessels and digestive tract, contains a single nucleus, fusiform-shaped no striations
Striated - found in the skeletal and cardiac muscle - multi nucleus for skeletal and found peripherally and single nucleus in cardiac found centrally and feature intercalated discs

77
Q

how do muscle function

A

contractility - muscle cell excited by a nerve or hormone cause muscle to contract
excitability - muscle tissues receive a response from nerves or hormones

78
Q

there are three kinds of ct in muscle-skeletal

A

epimysium - covers the entire muscle and becomes the tendon
perimysium - surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle)
endomysium - layer that covers individual muscle fibre
with a muscle bundle enclosed the myofibrils

79
Q

muscle cell and its components

A

nuclei - multi
t-tubules - transmit nerves stimulated to the sarcoplasmic R
SR ^ - surrounds each myofibril muscle cells that stored calcium
sarcolemma - surrounds the membrane
myofibril - contain myofilaments
myofilaments - contractile

80
Q

myofilaments and its components

A

myofilaments are organized into repeating sarcomere, consists of actin(thin) and myosin(thick) remember the letters

81
Q

facial expression (muscles)

A

frontalis - eyebrow lift
orbicularis oculi - close eyes
zygomaticus - smile
orbicularis oris - kiss

82
Q

mastication

A

temporalis

masseter

83
Q

head and neck 3 muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle
semispinalis capitis
splenius capitis

84
Q

Thorax (ribs)

A

external and internal

85
Q

Back

A

Erector spine muscles

86
Q

abdominal wall

A 
external oblique 
internal oblique 
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis (tendinous intersections and linea alba)

Anat 100 Block 1 Evaluation (1 decks)

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