N.F. Module 4 - pick up pg256 Flashcards
Hydrocarbon
A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only
saturated
containing single bonds only
unsaturated
containing a multiple carbon-carbon bond
homologous series
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH₂
alkanes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon carbon-carbon bonds and the general formula CnH₂n₊₂
functional group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions
molecule
The smallest part of a covalent compound that can exist while retaining its chemical identity, consisting of 2 or more atoms covalently bonded together.
alcohol
A homologous series with a functional group of OH and a general formula of CnH₂n₊₁OH
aliphatic
Containg carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains
alicyclic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic
aromatic
Containing one or more benzene rings.
alkenes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with at least one double carbon-carbon bond and the general formula CnH₂n
alkynes
The hydrocarbon homologous series with one triple carbon-carbon bonds and the general formula CnH₂n₋₂
alkyl group
A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom removed from an alkane parent chain.
eg. CH₃, C₂H₅ - any alkyl group is often shown as R
aldehydes
molecular formula
A formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule
empirical formula
The formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
general formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member if a homologous series.
carboxylic acids
ketones
compound
structural isomer
Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae
homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming a cation and an anion.
radical
A species with an unpaired electron
stoichiometry
The ratio of the amount, in moles, of each substance in a chemical equation
essentially the ratio of the balencing numbers)
curly arrows
sigma bond (𝛔-bond)
A bond formed by the overlap of one orbital from each bonding atom, consisting of two electrons and with the electron density centred around a line directly between the nuclei of the two atoms
orbitals
fractional distillation
The seperation of components in a liquid mixture by their different boiling points into fractions with different compositions
London forces
Hydrogen bonds
A strong dipole-dipole attraction between an electron-deficient hydrogen atom of -NH, -OH or HF on one molecule and a lone pair of electrons on a highly electronegative atom containing N, O, or F on a different molecule.
reagents
electronegativity
combustion
complete and incomplete
global warming
radical substitution
initiation
in the context of alkane mechanisms
propagation
in the context of alkane mechanisms
termination
in the context of alkanes
chain reaction
in the context of alkane mechanisms
cyclic alkenes
Pi bond (𝝅-bond)
stereoisomers
E/Z isomerism
E isomer
Z isomer
cis/ trans isomerism
cis isomer
trans isomer
optical ismerism
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog
addition reaction
electrophile
carbocation
polar molecule
non-polar molecule
primary carbocation
markownikoff’s rule
secondary carbocation
Markownikoff’s rule
tertiary carbocation
Markownikoff’s rule
polymers
addition polymerisation
monomer
synthetic polymers
recycling
organic feedstock recycling
bioplastics
biodegradable
photodegradable
chemical feedstock
hydroxyl group
volatile
primary alcohols
secondary alcohols
tertiary alcohols
oxidation
hydrogenation
exothermic
endothermic
distilled
dehydration
reflux
hydrolysis
idoalkanes
hydrolyse
bromoalkanes
chloroalkanes
fluoroalkanes
nucleophile
primary haloalkanes
secondary haloalkanes
tertiary haloalkanes
organohalogens
ozone layer
stratosphere
redistillation
ester
acyl chloride
nitrile
target molecules
synthesis
mass spectrometry
molecular ion
mass spectrometer
fragmentation
fragment ions
wavenumber
greenhouse gases
infrared spectroscopy
fingerprint region
arenes
amides
phenols
elemental analysis