Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardio - Newman > Newman Review Session > Flashcards

Newman Review Session Flashcards

1
Q

What equation determines the ways that you can raise/alter blood pressure?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

**CO = HR x SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some ways that you can increase the following factors that play into BP?
• SV
• HR
• TRP

A

Increase SV:
• Increase Contractility
• Increase Preload

Increase HR:
• no clinical way

Increase TPR:
•Dilate/Constrict Arterioles (drugs can do this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What equation determines ejection fraction?

• what do you want EF to be?

A

EF = SV/EDV

= (EDV-ESV)/EDV

***Want EF to be 55% or better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What main factor do you want to treat in heart failure (aka EF

A

Want to Reduce Afterload

Systolic BP:
• want to reduce it (beta blocker etc.)

Dimensions of LV:
• eccentric hypertrophy - LV dilation (more than 5 sontimeters)

• Want to reduce this size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F: Aortic Regurgitation is a form of volume overload.

A

True –> this can lead to CHF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By what two mechanisms can dysrrhythmias occur?

A

Automaticity

Re-entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes increased automaticity?

• what factors give an increased chance of this happening?

A
  • Alteration of phase 4 of the AP so that slope moves up to threshold
  • Digoxin, sympathetics, hypoxia, Inc. CO2, Acidosis, Hypokalemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Re-entry?

A

• 2 parallel circuits with different conducting velocities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Pulsus Paradoxus?

• what will the pt. look like?

A

Patient will be sick with JVD

Pulsus Paradoxus - barely palpable pulse that disappears on inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mechanism of Pulsus Paradoxus?

A
  • In Cardiac Tamponade the RV can expand in the pericardium so it expands into the LV.
  • Reduced LV volume means decreased Preload and reduced CO
  • Reduce CO results in reduced BP b/c (MAP = CO x TPR)

(it is normal to decrease by 10mmHg but greater than 15-20mmHg is not good)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What changes would you expect to see in the following with EF lower than 20%?
• PMI
• Neurohumoral

**Treatment?

A

PMI:
•should be located below the left nipple, here it will be found below the left armpit
• Size will increase larger than a dime (size of a quater)

Neurohumoral:
• RAAS inc.
• Epi inc.
• BNP inc.

Treat:
• These patients should be treated with ACE Is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effects of ACE Is are for people with HF?

A
  • Decreasing Systolic BP
  • HYPERKALEMIA (from inc. Aldosterone)
  • inc. CO by REDUCING TPR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the principle cause of exertional angina?

A

• Myocardial Demand exceeds supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If you suspect Coronary Artery disease that is causing angina what test should you do next?
• what do you expect to see?

A
  • Treadmill Test

* ST depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes the discrepancy between supply and demand in Exertional Angina?
• what would you expect to see on angiogram?

A

Supply:
• Coronary Narrowing via Blockage and Stenosis

Demand:
• Inc. HR (during excercise)
•Inc. Systolic BP

Angiogram: would show 70% stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What clinical findings would you expect to see in a patient with exertional angina who wakes up one night with an elephant sitting on his chest?
• cause?

A
  • ST elevation

* Unstable Plaque probably ruptured

17
Q

Aortic Regurgitation
• when do you expect to hear it?
• what do you expect to hear?
• CAUSE?

A

DIASTOLIC (after S2 pulseless sound) the murmur will be decrescendo

CAUSE: Eccentric Hypertrophy of the LEFT ventricle

18
Q 
Aortic Stenosis
• Where do you hear it? 
• what does it sound like? 
• Risk? 
• what do you see on echo?
A
  • Heard under Right Clavicle 2nd ICS
  • sounds like Clearing Your Throat
  • Increased Risk for Coronary Artery Disease Development
  • Echo will show CONCENTRIC hypertrophy
19
Q

How you assess the severity of mitral valve stenosis to determine if the patient needs surgery?

A
  • GRADIENT btwn LA and LV in DIASTOLE

* CO - tells you how much flow is getting across the valve

20
Q

What are you looking for to diagnose ACUTE mitral regurgitation?
• what should you use to look?

A

Mitral Regurg - use ECHO or Cath to determine

  1. LACK OF ECCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY - means atria has not yet had time to adapt
  2. MARKED ELEVATION OF UPSTREAM PRESSURES - LAP, Pulm. venous pressure, pulm cap pressurre, pulm artery pressure
21
Q

What are the 2 major complications of bacterial endocarditis?

A
  1. Emboli

2. Acute Regurgitant lesion (bacteria chew through chordae tendinae/valve0

22
Q

What are the 2 MAJOR HALLMARKS of acute pericarditis?

A
  1. Friction Rub (paper rubbing together)

2. Pain Relieved by leaning forward

23
Q

What causes Reentrant Arrhythmias?

A
  1. Unidirectional Block

2. Two pathways (1 slow, 1 fast)

24
Q

What causes sudden cardiac death?

• treatment?

A
  • Ventricular Fibrillation

* Rescusitation then ICD

25
Q

You hear a blowing systolic murmor at the apex of the heart in a young girl?
• what likely caused this?

A

• Mitral Valve Prolapse = most common cause

26
Q

what causes a STEMI in the absence of Coronary Artery Disease?
• aka Acute ST elevation

A

Cocaine, Stress, - vasospasm

Low Hct - not enough O2 delivered

Severe Aortic Stenosis w/ SBP 400 mmHg

Endocarditis with Coronary Emboli

27
Q

If someone does a treadmill test and has ST depression do they have complete obstruction of a CA?
• do they have a disease?

A

NO - depression is ischemia not infarction

• Yes, they have CAD

28
Q

T or F: chronic stable angina invovles ruptured plaques?

A

False, it may however involve endothelial dysfunction that prevents vasodiation

29
Q

What determines a patients afterload who has an EF of 20%?

A

• SYSTOLIC Pressure - determined by RAAS

30
Q

You start a patient on an ACE inhibitor, what test do they need to come back and have done a week later?

A

Test for Potassium Concentrations (hyperkalemia may be an issue)

31
Q

A person got shot and comes in with a blood pressure of 80/30 what do you need to do and why?

A

*Give them fluids to Increase Preload

32
Q

Which murmur is associated with concentric hypertrophy and which with dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Concentric Hypertrophy - aortic stenosis (systolic murmur)

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - aortic regurg (diastolic murmur)

33
Q

What the biggest risk in a patient with mitral valve prolapse that goes to the dentist and comes back a week later with IE?

A

STROKE

Cardio - Newman (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions