newest Flashcards
HBV Tx
Monitor LFTs, HBV DNA
UNLESS: - acute liver failure - immunosuppression - HCV+ - cirrhosis Tx: antiviral entecavir, tenofovir, lamivudine , adefovir and telbivudine
Risk of chronicity
HBV: 5%
HCV: 75-85%
Risk of chronicity
HBV:
HCV:
HBV: 5%
HCV: 75-85%
Decrease in BP mmHg
- DASH
- W loss (per 10kg)
- Exercise
- Na <1.5-2.3g
- EtOH <1 F, <2 M
- 11
- 6
- 7
- 5-8
- 5
Catabolism effect on following:
increase/decrease
- Insulin
- Cortisol
- Glucagon
- ketone use in muscle
- ketone use in brain
- glycogenolysis
- lipolysis
- protein catabolism
- -
- +
- +
- -
- +
- +
- +
- +
Cachexia. What happens to insulin upon refeeding?
increases
Also: Ph, K, Mg, B1 all get used up
Effects of refeeding syndrome?
CHF >pulm edema
Arrhythmia
Seizures
Wernickes
Scleroderma: Systemic VS limited VS diffuse
Systemic Scleroderma
- Limited Systemic: CREST
- Diffuse Systemic (pulm, renal, GI)
RFs for amniotic fluid embolism (5)
- increased maternal age
- gravida >5
- C/S or instrumentation
- placenta previa/abruptio
- preeclampsia
S/p C-section delivery > cardiac shock, hypoxemia, DIC. Dx?
r/o amniotic fluid embolism
RF
- increased maternal age
- gravida >5
- C/S or instrumentation
- placenta previa/abruptio
- preeclampsia
**Indication for low dose CT chest screen.
- 50-80yo
- > 20 pack years
- current/quit <15y ago
Which CA is an AIDS-defining illness?
Cervical CA
MOA of hyerCa in setting of hyperPTH?
- 25OH VitD —> 1, 25OH VitD
which DEcreases renal excretion & INcreases GI Ca absorp - increases release of Ca & Ph from bones
How sensitive is MRI for AOM?
very >90%
Tx scabies
permethrin cream x 1 topical
OR ivermectin x 2 PO
BPPV: Which is Dx & which is Tx?
- Eply
- Hallpike
Dx: hallpike
Tx: eply
Short term Tx for vertigo
dimenhydrinate (dramamine: H blocker)
meclizine (H blocker)
Limb or respiratory weakness in setting of multi-organ failure/sepsis. Dx?
critical illness neuropathy
Grief vs MDD
Grief: NO guilt, low self esteem or SI (except wishing they could join the deceased)
Gold standard Dx Hirschprung
suction bx: rectal (absent ganglion cells of affected area)
anorectal manometry: less accurate, low sen
Episodic abd pain & currant jelly stools. Dx?
Intussusception
Dx AND Tx for Intussusception (1)
contrast enema
Dx AND Tx for Intussusception (1)
contrast enema (air enema may treat but is not dx)
HyperCa & PTHrp. Which CA? (5)
- SCC
- renal
- bladder
- breast
- ovary
HyperCa w/ bone mets. Which CA (2)
Breast
MM
(osteolysis)
HyperCa w/ high 1,25 OH VitD. Which CA?
lymphoma
MOA: increase Ca absorb
SCC w/ HyperCa & PTHrp. Is PTH high or low?
LOW
PTHrp is high
MM w/ bone mets. Are the following high or low?
PTHrp
PTH
vitD
low
low
low
Lymphoma. Are the following high or low?
- Ca
- PTH
- vitD
- high
- low
- high
(MOA: increased Ca absorp)
Chronic D, loose, foul smelling stools. Significant w.loss, malabsorp/vit def. Tx?
Metro (tinidzole)
Dx: Giardia
also abd cramps/flatus
sp CABG > pleural effusion. Tx?
NONE if:
- <25% hemithorax
- asx, L-sided
Thoracentesis indicated if
- > 25% hemithorax
- symptomatic
- late (>30d sp CABG)
- R-sided in absence of HF
Features of common/benign pleural effusion sp CABG?
- small, L-sided
- asx
- w/in few days of CABG
*seen in 60% likely 2/2 pericardial inflammation
Cephalohematoma OR caput succedaneum?
1) crosses suture lines
2) +/- jaundice
3) above periosteum
4) resolves in few weeks
1) CS
2) CH
3) CS
4) CH
Describe disorders:
1- Conduct
2. Oppositional defiant
3. Antisocial
- Evil kid: cruelty towards animals/people, stealing, lying, bullying, property destruction
- Refuses to follow rules but not cruel/destructive
- the adult version of conduct disorder
RFs for developmental hip dysplasia?
Female
Breech
tight swaddling
FHx
Abx for asx bacteriuria in pregnancy?
- keflex 3-7d
- amoxi-clav 3-7d
- fosfomycin x 1
**repeat urine cx a week after
Asx bacteruria in preg: Do you treat it?
YES
- keflex 3-7d
- amoxi-clav 3-7d
- fosfomycin x 1
Why are pregnancy women at increased risk for pyelonephritis?
progesterone effect on upper urinary tract
- smooth muscle dil
- ureteral enlargement
- vesicoureteral valve dysfunction
ASx bacteriuria complications in preg?
- preterm birth
- low birth weight
- perinatal mortality
Abx course duration for pyelo during pregnancy?
IV abx with following abx suppression until 6 WEEKS POSTPARTUM to prevent recurrence
Which abx can you use for pyelo in preg?
Mild/mod
- ceftriaxone
- cefepime
- cefotaxime
- ceftazidime
- ampi/genta
Severe
(immunocomp, incomplete urinary drainage)
- ampicillin-sulbactam
- zocyn
THEN abx suppression until 6 WEEKS POSTPARTUM to prevent recurrence
Which UTI abx is associated w/ the following in pregnancy:
- NTD & kernicterus
- hemolytic anemi
- bactrim
2. nitrofurantoin
Does drug induced lupus cause renal failure?
NO
Massive proteinuria in elderly pt. US renal wnl, labs w/ marked AKI on CKD. Dx?
Consider analgesic induced nephropathy- often causing florid proteinuria. (Does the pt have chronic pain?)
80yo M p/w sepsis. You give abx & give 500cc NS bolus w/ no improvement in BP. NSIM?
A) IV NE
B) IV dopamine
C) IV epi
D) saline bolus
D) saline bolus
Aggressive IVF before considering pressors
Mammalian bite. Abx?
amoxi-clav
GB, GN, anaerobe cover
Mammalian bite. Abx in PNC allergic pt?
look it up!
DM autonomic neuropathy unique to M, Sx?
- diminished cremasteric reflex
- diminished testicular sensation
- bladder dysfunction
- inability to masturbate
Nightmare disorder VS non-REM sleep arousal disorder
Nightmare: REM, detailed dream recall
non-REM sleep arousal disorder: Non-REM, sleep walking, sleep terrors, little/no recall
Tx for peds: persistent sleepwalking if distressing
low dose benzo
prog: resolves w/in 1-2yrs
28yo w/ 2cm tender lump in L breast. NSIM?
US
- if simple >FNA
- if complex cyst/mass > core bx
CAP Tx
Outpatient with VS without comorbs.
Healthy:
- amox OR doxy
Comorbs:
- FQ OR b-lactam
AND macrolide
CAP Tx: ward VS ICU?
ward:
- IV FQ (levo, moxi)
- IV ceftriaxone/azi
ICU:
- IV ceftriaxone/azi
- IV ceftriaxone/FQ
Elderly M w/ episodic vertigo, diplopia, dysarthria, dizziness & numbness. Dx?
vertebrobasillar insufficiency (reduced blood flow in the base of the brain 2/2 emboli, thrombi, arterial dissection)
RF: DM, HTN, DLP, CAD, arrhythmia
First line Tx of preschool age child w/ ADHD?
behavioural therapy!
If persists 6yo+, use meds (stimulants or atomoxetine)
Which info needs to be obtained prior to starting ADHD meds in peds?
**cardiac hx & medical exam (including FHx of sudden cardiac death etc)
EKG may be needed
Child w/ minimal response to max dose adderall for ADHD. NSIM?
switch to atomoxetine
if that fails- clonidine
Reactive arthritis: Etiology? Synovial results?
“Cant see cant pee cant climb a tree”
GI/GU infection
- Chlamydia
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Yersinia
Synovial: high WBC but no pathogens
Biliteral eye pain, dysuria, oligoarthritis, dactylitis, achilles enthesitis. What do you expect from the hx?
GI/GU infection
- Chlamydia
- Campylobacter
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Yersinia
Dx: Reactive arthritis
***Only 30-50% are HLA-B27+
Reactive arthritis suspected. Tx?
Tx underlying cause
NSAID
GCS if severe
improves in a few weeks
Post-op hypercapneic/hypoxic resp acidosis. ABG w/ normal A-a gradient. Tx?
Corrects with supplemental O2
(because A-a gas exchange is intact and hypoxemia is d/t hypoventillation_
Preterm labor: at 34-37wks, what do you give?
- betamethasone
- PNC if GBS+ or unknown
**NOT RhoD Ig (fetal Rh status is checked AFTER delivery & Ig can be administered up to 72h postpartum)
Define acute stress disorder?
Basically PTSD but <1 month
How soon after breast development do you expect menarche?
If pt does not have menarche by age ___, further w/u is needed. Otherwise reassure.
2-2.5yrs
15yo
12yo+ girl w/ short stature, no breasts, delayed bone age. Dx?
Constitutional delay of puberty
Amenorrhea age 15+. NSIM?
Pelvis US & FSH.
same if 13+ w/o menses AND breast development
Breast development age 12 hwr still no periods age 14. NSIM?
Reassure/observe
If pt does not have menarche by age 15, further w/u is needed.
Mother is RhD+ and father is RhD-. What is the risk of hemolytic disease in the newborn?
None. Mother would have to be RhD- and father RhD+.
Mother is RhD- and father RhD+. Child develops hemolytic disease of the newborn even though its the first pregnancy. How?
Mother must have either had prior
- miscarriage/abortion
- blood transfusions
MCC necrotizing fasciitis?
G.A.S
(Clostridium perfringens is not as common)
Other causes:
- S.aureus (DM w/ poor blood flow)
- Pseudomonas (immunocompromised)
Empiric therapy for necrotizing fasciitis?
3 meds:
Zocyn or Meropen
- anaerobes & GAS
Vanc
- S.aureus/MRSA
Clinda
- inhibit toxin formation by staph/strep
What does each abx cover in terms of empiric therapy for necrotizing fasciitis?
- Zocyn or Meropen
- Vanc
- Clinda
Zocyn or Meropen
- anaerobes & GAS
Vanc
- S.aureus/MRSA
Clinda
- inhibit toxin formation by staph/strep
RAPID warfarin reversal required. Tx?
prothrombin complex concentrate (INR normalizes w/in 10 mins)
WITH IV vitK
(Second line: FFP- high vol required & delay for blood compatibility test)
Tx for pt w/ VWF def & minor bleed
IV desmopressin
Primary dysmenorrhea in virgins. Tx?
first line: NSAIDS!!
If ineffective, then try OCP
OCP is first line in sexually active patients
Which is NOT a common cause of BV? A) low E B) pregnancy C) menses D) intercourse E) recent abx F) douching
A) low E
high E!
Complications of BV in preg?
preterm birth PPROM spontaneous abortion chorioamnionitis postpartum-endometitis
(note: treating it does not decrease the risk)
Dose of supplements in osteoporosis?
Ca+
vitD
1200mg QD
800IU QD
Complete unilateral facial weakness: Bells vs CVA?
BELLS!
Bells VS CVA
CVA can lift eyebrow & does not have droopy/weak eye
30yo M severe fatigue, bells, HSM, LAD. Lyme neg. NSIM?
CXR r/o sarcoidosis
Two most important criteria for confirming sarcoidosis?
- LN bx: noncaseating granulomas
- diseases w/ similar sx are ruled out
(note: even though ACE are increased in 75%, it is not specific. Also, always bx the most superficial LN if possible)
Sarcoid suspected but no easily accessible LN. NSIM?
fiberoptic bronchoscopy w/ transbronchial lung bx
Likely etiology of febrile seizure?
nervous system immaturity
Prognosis:
- higher risk of subsequent seizures
- 1% increased risk of epilepsy
Aortic Coractation: most commonly affected demographic?
sporadic, boys
hwr Turners is notorious for it!
Upper extremity HTN, lower extremity hypotension. Dx?
Aortic coarctation
also weak/delayed pulses “brachiofemoral delay”
Rib notching & figure 3 sign. Dx?
Aortic coarctation
also weak/delayed pulses “brachiofemoral delay”
Parasternal heave. Assn?
RV hypertrophy
Large decline in BP (>10mmHg) during inspiration is associated w/?
cardiac tamponade
Exercise recs to reduce CVD risk?
mod aerobic >150min/wk
vigorous exercise
>75min/wk
Review METS & RCRI pre-op risk
!
MS spasticity Tx?
Baclofen and _____
Tizanidine
Which sx of MS does amantadine tx?
fatigue
also adderall or modefenil
Tx MS flare?
high dose GCS
Cryptococcal meninginitis: high/norm/low
OP:
WBC:
protein:
glucose:
v high >250
low
high
low
Normal CSF values for:
WBC
protein
glucose
0-5
<40
40-70
GBS CSF values?
WBC
protein
glucose
normal (0-5)
HIGH (45-1000)
normal (40-70)
CSF protein >500. Dx?
GBS
In addition to amphotericin B & flucytosine, what is used to tx cryptococcal meningitis?
serial LPs to relieve high opening pressures
Cryptococcal meningitis: sx improve & CSF is clean, NSIM?
STOP amphotericin & flucytosine IV
START high dose PO fluconazole x 8wks
then lower dose 1yr+
Needle stick from HIV pt with 0 viral load. NSIM?
3 agent PEP x 1month
35yo obese F. Intermittent epigastric discomfort radiating to the back R shoulder w/ N/V, diaphoresis. Dx test?
ULTRASOUND per biliary colic r/o cholelithiasis
Best test for dx cholelithiasis?
ULTRASOUND
>95% sen/spec
Typical biliary colic sx w/o gallstones on imaging. NSIM?
cholecytokinin stimulated cholescintigraphy to eval for functional gallbladder disorder
(cholecystectomy w/ low gallb ejection)
Gallstone w/ typical sx. Sx improved w/ ursodeoxycholic acid. NSIM?
***CHOLECYSTECTOMY for pts who improve w/ UDCA
Cholecystitis suspected but US inconclusive or neg, NSIM?
HIDA
Visualized choledocholithiasis pr acute cholangitis. Tx?
ERCP
How are diminished lower extremity DTRs related to Pancoast tumors?
tumor spread to spine
Parkinsons w/ recurrent R/middle lobe PNA. Test to confirm dx?
Videofluoroscopic swallowing study to eval for asp PNA
Tx Pagets
bisphosphonates
Osteoclast abnormalities > increased bone turnover & abnormal remodelling. Dx & Tx?
Pagets
Tx: bisphosphonates
Addisons Tx?
hydrocortisone or prendnisone
AND
fludrocortisone
Weakness, N/V/abd pain, postural hypotension, weight loss.
Labs: hyperK & eosinophilia. Dx?
Addisones:
also
Spontaneous abortion risk
- PSA
- hx spont abort
- BMI extremes
- advanced maternal age
Petechiae after BP cuff. Assn?
Dengue
aka Tourniquet test+
India fever, myalgia mucosal bleed transaminitis w HSM low WBC/PLT
Dx?
Dengue
How is dengue spread?
aedes mosquito
Aedes mosquito is a vector for:
Dengue
Chikungunya
Yellow fever
Zika
Systemic complication of compartment syndrome?
rhabdo > AKI
HIV: Papules w/ central umbilication & central hemorrhage. Dx?
Cutaneous cryptococcus
(Dx w/ bx!!
When does T3 or substantially DEcrease?
sick euthyroid syndrome
hwr rT3 is elevated!
Euthyroid sick syndrome. High/normal/low?
T3
rT3
low
high
Infant w/ RSV & signs of dehydration, NSIM?
hospitalize & place on CONTACT & DROPLET precautions
Laxatives for peds: osmotic or stimulant?
osmotic
stimulant have associated N/V,D, cramping
PCOS w/ persistent infertility despite weight loss. NSIM?
LETrozole *aromatase inhibitor
Then clomiphene
(ovulation induction LH FSH)
Then IVF
15yo M w/ Short stature (normal growth velocity), delated bone age.
Dx?
Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (late bloomer)
Which does NOT cause digoxin toxicity? A) amiodarone B) verapamil C) quinidine D) lisinopril E) spironolactone
D) lisinopril
ACE ARB & BB DO NOT cause dig toxicity
How do you modify the insulin regimen for gestational DM after delivery?
STOP IT Then order 1. fasting gluc at 24-72h 2. OGTT at postpartum visit 6-12wks 3. then DM screen q2-3 years
(note: placenta secretes placental lactogen which is what causes insulin resistance. Once delivered, should resolve)