Newborn Screening/Fat Soluble Vitamins & Trace Minerals Flashcards
lipoprotein transporters that deliver triglyceride contents to adipose and other tissues; their remnants deliver everything else to the liver where fat-soluble vitamins can be repackaged
chylomicrons
these readily absorbed fat-soluble vitamins are found in animal sources. In the liver, they are converted to retinol esters and packaged in VLDLs
retinoids
these fat-soluble vitamins are found in plants– are converted into retinoids in intestinal mucosal cells
carotenoids
retinoids involved in controlling gene expression at the transcriptional level
retinoic acid derivatives
true of false?
retinoid acid derivatives play a role in the development of the immune system
true
retinoic acid derivatives contribute to the development of epithelial tissue where?
eyes, skin, salivary glands
caused by a chromosomal translocation involving the retinoic acid receptor
acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
what can be used to treat APL?
high levels of retinoid acid– can induce tumor blasts to differentiate into granulocytes to basically treat the cancer
sunlight induces a series of molecular arrangements that converts 7-dehydro-cholesterol to ?
pre- vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Is vitamin D3 active or inactive when only its 25th position is hydroxylated?
inactive
what is the active form of vitamin D?
1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3
what are the dietary sources of vitamin D3?
fish, liver, eggs, milk & cereals
vitamin D derivatives are transported through circulation bound to what?
vitamin D binding protein
(albumin to a lesser extent)
Vitamin D behaves as a _______ rather than a vitamin-based coenzyme
hormone
vitamin D regulates the levels of which 2 chemical elements in the blood?
calcium and phosphorus
rickets can be caused by a deficiency of which vitamin?
vitamin D
disease characterized by softening and weakening of bones, bowed legs, hypoplastic enamel, and delayed tooth eruption
rickets
when Ca2+ levels are low, which endocrine gland releases a hormone to stimulate the activation (hydroxylation) of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3?
parathyroid– releases PTH
required for gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, and necessary for the function of multiple coagulation factors
vitamin K (phylloquinone)
inorganic elements that are essential for life
minerals
minerals needed in trace amounts
trace minerals
which trace mineral is a critical component of heme-containing enzymes/proteins?
iron (Fe)
women typically show a greater incidence of iron deficiency due to what?
menstrual cycle
too much iron can cause organ damage via the _____ rxn
fenton
which component of the fenton rxn is responsible for the destruction of tissues?
OH radical
iodine is an important substituent for which thyroid hormones?
- thyroxine (T4)
- triiodothyronine (T3)
the most common cause of preventable brain damage worldwide is a deficiency of _______
iodine
what are common symptoms of iodine deficiency?
-mental disabilities
- hypothyroidism
- goiter
a component of glutathione peroxidase and thyroid hormone iodinase
selenium (Se)
there are only ___ enzymes in the body that use selenium
2
a cofactor for over 300 diff enzymes that plays an important role in immune system function
Zinc (Zn)
a deficiency of this trace mineral can cause anemia and connective tissue disorders
copper (Cu)
the most important enzymes/proteins that utilize copper are?
- cytochrome C oxidase (ETC)
- lysyl oxidase
- ceruloplasmin (iron utilization)
_____ is incorporated into into mineralized tissues of bones and teeth displacing OH groups of hydroxyapatite
fluoride (F)
a fluoride deficiency causes an increased risk of what?
dental caries
children can develop _______ from swallowing excessive amounts of toothpaste while brushing
fluorosis
- characterized by abdominal pain, nausea)
in adults, _______ can be characterized by brown coloration and pitting of permanent teeth
fluorosis
