New studies to learn Flashcards
Enos et al (1953)
demonstrated this by looking at bodies of deceased US soldiers from the Korean War. Although their average age was only 22, histological analysis revealed there were already clear signs of lesions and arterial wall thickening.
Braak 1991
little correlation between plaques and neuronal death – plaques foundi n frontal lobes, while death in erc and hippocampus
Hirota 2004
DAPI labelled nucleus. Condensin I and II. Originally thought these two do the same thing. Found condensin II = chr condensation early prophase. Found condensin I = dissociated of cohesin from chromosome arms, later on. Deplete both = compaction can occur but happens later. Is this because theyre dispensible or because RNAi is inefficient? KO is difficult bc these are essential
Chen 2014
showed to is possible to dyamically visualise genomic loci in living cells using a CRISPR system that uses dCas9 fused to eGFP - in vivo CRSIPR imaging enables us to see where particular DNA sequences are qithin the cell, producing similar results as FISH, which has always been the gold-standard for imaging DNA in fixed cells
Chow et al 2020
– showed that 3P imaging through heads of living zebrafish allows structural & functional imaging through telencephalon and deep
Tixier 2020
Their study included 45 patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer who had undergone FDG-PET scans at the time of diagnosis and transcriptome analysis using RNAs from both cancer and healthy tissues on microarrays Using Genomica software, they identified relationships between PET radiomics and genes involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair, metabolism
Van’t Veer, 2002
microarray of 78 BC tumours, identified a GEP of 70 genes that could predict the risk of future distant metastasis, and so could identify in advance which patients would and would not respond to chem
• The group with a ‘good’ as opposed to ‘poor’ prognosis did not suffer metastases in 5y
Computer software can now compare a patients mRNA profule to the GEP from this study and predict whether they will benefit from chemo
5 years after the pubilication of this study (07), FDA approved this test, named the MammaPrint test which helps clinicals identify high and low risk pts w early BC
• However, the clinical utility of this test does remain controversial, as Cardoso et al. (2016) published a phase III randomised study in the NEJM involving 6693 women with early-stage breast cancer, which found that only ~46% of patients considered to be a low genomic risk by the MammaPrint test but a high clinical risk (by looking at conventional histology) might not require chemotherapy. Thus more RCTs are required to validate its utility.
• Faurholt-Jepsen et al. (2015)
showed that smartphone data can be used as an electronic biomarker to gain insight into illness activity in bipolar disorder
• Their study involved 61 patients aged 18-60 diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD)
• The authors used a software for smartphones (called the MONARCA I system) that collects automatically generated objective data, as well as self-monitored data on illness - activity
• Results:
o They found over time significant positive correlations between BD scores (for both mania and depression) on different classifications and the number of incoming/outgoing calls per day, the duration of calls, as well as the number of outgoing text messages per day
o They also reported significant negative correlations between self-monitored data (i.e. mood and activity) and depressive scores, and significant positive correlations between self-monitored data (i.e. mood and activity) and mania scores
o Moreover, using the automatically-generated objective data, they were able to discriminate between affective states
• There were some caveats to this study, including the small sample size of 33 patients (although patients were followed up for a median 310 days), there was also an larger proportion of participants with type II bipolar disorder compared to type I, and patients received different types, doses and combinations of psychopharmacological treatments throughout.
• May serve as a biomarker for illness activity for each patient
• Could be used to subcategorise disease and generate new approaches to behavioural therapy
• Ethical challenges here – too invasive/data leakage?
Benzer et al. (1971
published a seminal paper in when they screened mutant Drosophila to identify the first clock gene involved in circadian rhythms, per, by studying the circadian rhythm of flies. Per-null flies were arrhythmic and flies with per missense mutations had altered circadian periods (shorter or longer). Another clock gene, cry, was discovered soon after using a similar experimental strategy.
- Boveri
aneuploidy in sea urchin embryos and noticed that these embryos has defective physiology. He proposed that this was a cause of cancer, which we now know to be true. Aneuploidy is responsible for 90% of solid tumours and 50% of blood cancers
demonstrated this by looking at bodies of deceased US soldiers from the Korean War. Although their average age was only 22, histological analysis revealed there were already clear signs of lesions and arterial wall thickening.
Enos et al (1953)
little correlation between plaques and neuronal death – plaques foundi n frontal lobes, while death in erc and hippocampus
Braak 1991
DAPI labelled nucleus. Condensin I and II. Originally thought these two do the same thing. Found condensin II = chr condensation early prophase. Found condensin I = dissociated of cohesin from chromosome arms, later on. Deplete both = compaction can occur but happens later. Is this because theyre dispensible or because RNAi is inefficient? KO is difficult bc these are essential
Hirota 2004
showed to is possible to dyamically visualise genomic loci in living cells using a CRISPR system that uses dCas9 fused to eGFP - in vivo CRSIPR imaging enables us to see where particular DNA sequences are qithin the cell, producing similar results as FISH, which has always been the gold-standard for imaging DNA in fixed cells
Chen 2014
– showed that 3P imaging through heads of living zebrafish allows structural & functional imaging through telencephalon and deep
Chow et al 2020
