New Political Ideologies Flashcards
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Concert of Europe
a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
conservatism (19th century)
ideology that worked to bring back traditional political structure because of belief that liberalism was chaos
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
liberalism (19th century)
Political belief characterized by making moderate changes gradually and hostility towards the privileged aristocracy; most members from the Bourgeoisie; sought the removal of economic restraints, supported natural rights
Wealth of Nations
This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.
socialism (19th century)
- Everyone’s equal, equal society
- Shared ownership of property and resources
- Peaceful transition
utopian
idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people, slowly morphed into meaning more fortunate people
proletariat
working class
nationalism (19th century)
Pride in one’s nation stimulated by economic competition, national pride, and democratic ideals, meant to eliminate internal conflict around religion and such
nation
a politically organized body of people under a single government
nasci
Where the word “nation” came from
Klemens von Metternich
The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna and was conservative, advocated against revolution
Joseph de Miastre
wrote in favor of an absolute monarchy through the view of the catholic church (very helpful to developing Conservative ideas)
Edmund Burke
(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Influenced liberalism
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
John Stuart Mill
He advocated for utilitarianism and for women’s rights
Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number
Robert Owen
Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities at his mills in Scotland (1771-1858)
Charles Fourier
(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage, and assigned jobs based on inclination
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
Friedrich Engels
Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.
Gran Colombia
Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations.
Decemberists
Russian radical group, formed from noble families and elite regiments. Hoped to persuade Constantine to assum the throne but failed.
February Days
Abolish the monarchy in France (kick out Citizen King)
June Days
Determining the form of government in France, 1848
Reform Bill of 1832
British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class, added seats to Parliament for Industrial areas, and abolished slavery
corn laws
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
Corn Laws repealed
were disliked by farmers for protecting the aristocracy, and led to a free market
Chartist Movement
Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain, have a secret ballot, wanted to end the qualification of being a landowner to run for office, wanted annual elections
Great Reform Bill of 1867
Law passed by Parliament that extended voting rights to urban working-class men in Britain. It reflected the growing influence of the working-class.
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Jose de San Martin
South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru
Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar
The “Liberators of South America” who led revolutions throughout the continent to get rid of European control
Alexander I
the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
Nicholas I
(1825-1855) Russian Tsar that succeeded Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them.
Constantine of Russia
The Poles wanted him to be their leader.
Charles X
Louis Phillipe
“Citizen King”, favored the wealthy, Supported the upper-middle class and outlawed labor unions, lowered voting restrictions; eventually overthrown
King William IV
Nineteenth-century English king; passed measures that allowed representation of the middle class in Parliament.
Queen Victoria
British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement
Romanticism
a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing awe of nature, individualism, the common man and emotions
Oliver Twist
Celebration of individual- misfit/misfortunate
Les Miserables
Created by Victor Hugo
Frankenstien
Created by Mary Shelley
Charles Dickens
English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)
Victor Hugo
French poet and novelist and dramatist
William Wordsworth
Created Daffodils (poem)
Francisco Goya
artist
Eugene Delacroix
romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People
John Constable
most notable romantic painter-fascinated by nature-gentle Wordsworthian landscapes in which human beings were at one with their environment, the comforting countryside of unspoiled rural England
What was a fundamental principle of liberalism in the aftermath of the French Revolution?
equality before the law
Nineteenth century conservatives believed that political stability would be guaranteed by the
monarchy
____________ wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France
Edmund Burke
The writings of the 17th century political philosopher ___________ formed the basis of liberalism
John Locke
The most important figure in economic liberalism was
Adam Smith
________________ was a system of though that was a response to the problems ushered in by industrialization
Socialism
Reformer _________ advocated a reorganization of society on the basis of cooperation and mutual respect
Robert Owen
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels
denounced the miserable working and living conditions of the English factory workers
