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global business environment > New international division of labour > Flashcards

New international division of labour Flashcards

1
Q

what did old factories used to be near to make it easy to transport goods away

A

canals

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2
Q

what was adam smith’s wealth of nations about

A

specialisation (differentiates between dol of agricultural and industry),
division of labour,
conceptualising society and space

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3
Q

what do mncs do to the division of labour

A

take it on a global scale

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4
Q

what were the three phases of the old division of labour

A 
mercantilism (skilled labour wage labour, serfdom forced or slave),
imperialism (wage labour factory craft, slave labour waged labour),
periphery industrialisation (managerial highly skilled skilled manual, agriculture)
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5
Q

features of the new division of labour

A

increase in FDI within core and,
FDI from core to key periphery location,
MNCs fragment production process (where manufacturing organised on world scale to take advantage of cheap labour in periphery)

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6
Q

what are some changes that have occurred due to the new division of labour in terms of horizontal and vertical

A

growth in horizontal division of labour (more jobs in different places),
new vertical division of labour (decentralisation of part of production process facilitated by technological change)

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7
Q

what does NIDL

A

new international division of labour

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8
Q

conditions necessary for nidl

A

available worldwide reservoir of cheap disposable labour,
fragmented labour process (leading to deskilling and sub-divisions in the production process),
advances in transport/technology (enable MNCs to be footloose and produce in any part of the world)

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9
Q

consequences of NIDL

A

wide range of production in periphery,
export-oriented economies,
newly industrialising countries

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10
Q

critique of Frobel et al

A 
capitalist logic (devalues other factors),
abstract thesis (not empirical),
spatial impacts assumed uniform,
too global (avoids specific industries),
effects of global south not included (countries developing independently of MNCs)
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11
Q

foreign direct investment FDI d

A

strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad by acquiring productive assets, such as capital, technology, labour, land, plant and equipment

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12
Q

what is it called when there is fdi but it is <100% ownership

A

international collaborative venture

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13
Q

what are the two main forms of fdi

A

greenfield investment,

acquisition or merger with existing firm

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14
Q

what does gpn stand for

A

global production network

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15
Q

what is the core of a gpn

A

circuit of interconnected functions, operations and transactions through which a specific commodity, good or service is produced, distributed and consumed

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16
Q

are gpns confined to physical commodities

A

no they are not confined,

non physical products like financial services are produced within the global production network

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17
Q

what is an especially significant category of services within gpns

A

logistics,

essential role is to intermediate between buyers and sellers at all stages of production circuit

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18
Q

financialisation d

A

increasing role of financial motives, financial markets, financial actors and financial institutions in the operation of the domestic and international economies

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19
Q

what is a production circuit

A

diagram which shows flows of materials and information as well as the linkages between different things

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20
Q

what is the shareholder value revolution

A

beginning in the 1980s shifted power in corporate governance from managers to shareholders

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21
Q

who are the five main actors in the global economy

A 
tncs,
states,
labour,
consumers,
civil society organisations
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22
Q

multinational corporations consists of _____ and ______ functions

A

internalised,
externalised,
whether stuff performed in house or subcontracted to another conpany

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23
Q

all the elements in a gpn are regulated within some kind of political structure, whose basic unit is the ______ _____

A

national state

24
Q

what is one of the most fundamental differences between labour and transnational capital

A

labour is more place bound and generally far less geographically mobile than capital,
also have knowledge to make products

25
Q

what are producer goods or services

A

goods or services that are purchased by firms within a production circuit for further transformation

26
Q

what are consumer goods or services

A

final demand goods purchased by individuals and households

27
Q

what qualities of consumption do advertising, retailing and media industries attempt to manipulate

A

symbolic

28
Q

what does gsm stand for

A

global social movements

29
Q

what are global social movements

A

networks that collaborate across borders to advance thematically similar agendas throughout the world and in doing so have become powerful actors in global governance

30
Q

what does gcsos stand for

A

global civil society organisations

31
Q

what do gcsos include

A

ngos like oxfam and greenpeace

32
Q

specialised clusters d

A

tendency for firms in the same, or closely related, economic activities to locate in the same places to form what are sometimes termed ‘industrial districts’

33
Q

generalised clusters d

A

reflect the fact that human activities tend to agglomerate to form urban areas

34
Q

traded interdependencies d

A

direct transactions between firms in a cluster, spatial proximity is a means of reducing transaction costs

35
Q

untraded interdependencies d

A

less tangible benefits of geographical clusters from development of an appropriate pool of labour skills to particular kinds of institutions

36
Q

what are the two types of interdependence that are a result of geographical clusters

A

traded interdependencies,

untraded interdependencies

37
Q

what three important processes does geographical agglomeration facilitate

A

face to face contact,
social and cultural interaction,
enhancement of knowledge and innovation

38
Q

what is a good example of fdi

A

japanese fdi in the uk, nissan factory in the north east of england

39
Q

what are the various strategies of fdi

A

purchase of assets,
new investment,
international collaborative venture

40
Q

advantages and disadvantages purchase of assets fdi

A

ad - quick entry, local market know how, possible local financing, eliminate competitor,
dis - inherited problems

41
Q

advantages and disadvantages of new investment fdi

A

ad - local financial incentive, no inherited problems,

dis - long time to generate sales

42
Q

what is international collaborative venture fdi and what is one advantage

A

shared ownership with local or non-local,

ad - shared risk

43
Q

firms often do a mixture of all three forms of ____ to share the risk

A

fdi

44
Q

dubai international capital group acquired british theme park operator _______ group for ____ billion

A

Tussauds, $1.5

45
Q

how has the role of the us as a source and destination changed over time

A

1960s us firms accounted for 2/3 of worldwide fdi,

now us firms account for less than 1/5 of worldwide fdi

46
Q

how has the share of fdi from developed countries and developing countries changed over time

A

from 1985 to now,

share of fdi from developed countries decreased and share of fdi for developing countries has risen

47
Q

there has been a massive increase in the percentage of fdi that is in the _____ sector

A

services

48
Q

how has the us semi-conductor industry changed due to globalisation (1)

A

effect of japanese competition meant us firms had to reduce costs,
relocate labour intensive production to hong kong and se asia,
hong kong initial entry point then to rest of asia

49
Q

how has the us semi-conductor industry changed due to organisation (2)

A

r+d remain in core (usa),
wafers fabricated in core then air-freighted to asia,
air freighted to markets,
re-export finished goods back to core

50
Q

how has the us-semi conductor indutry changed due to regional division of labour (3)

A

hong kong/singapore - new mini core (wafer fabrication),

malaysia thailand concentrate on assembly

51
Q

what does epz stand for

A

export processing zones

52
Q

epz (export processing zones) d

A

small closely definable areas in which favourable investment and trade conditions are created to attract export-oriented industries, usually foreign-owned

53
Q

what are some features of epzs (export processing zones)

A 
80% production export led,
high supplies of cheap labour,
70-80% jobs female,
very low wages < $1 an hour,
high labour turnover
54
Q

example of epz (export processing zone)

A

usa/mexico border region

55
Q

sub contractors develop a ‘_____’ international division of loavour

A

newer

56
Q

what is there for most manufactured goods

A

integrated global production network

global business environment (10 decks)

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