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Question 1

What were the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 1

The Articles of Confederation served as the First National Constitution. For fear of replacing British rule with their own despotic government, colonist severely limited the size and power of the national government.

The Articles were drafted 1777 and formally approved by all 13 states in 1781.

Question 2

What were some limitations placed on the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 2

Under the Articles of Confederation the national government could not:

• enact a tax without every states consent
• regulate interstate or oversea commerce
• approve declarations of war without the consent of 9 states
• coin or borrow money without the consent of 9 states
• amend the Articles without unanimous consent

Question 3

What financial troubles resulted from the limitations placed on the national government under the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 3

Due to the national governments inability to raise taxes without a unanimous state decision, America faced financial problems paying off their war debt. Several tax initiatives aimed at paying off the war debt and financing congress were shot down by single states.

• Under the Articles, one state can hold a national decision in their own hands, thereby using its power to disagree as leverage.
• Disagreements over taxation physically manifest in the form of Shay’s Rebellion, and the **Whiskey Rebellion **

Question 4

How did the government under the Articles of Confederation differ from British rule?

Answer 4

The key difference is the size and power of the national government.

British Imperial rule: A powerful few ruled over the under-represented masses.

Articles of Confederation: Little to no centralized government. National government has very limitted power over the individual states.

Question 5

What is Shay’s Rebellion?

Answer 5

Shay’s Rebellion was an armed protest taking place in Massachusetts from 1786-1787. In response to the demand for debt’s to be paid in (scarce) hard currency, Daniel Shays, along with 1,500 other angry farmers, marched on Springfield to shut down the courts in charge of taxes and debt collection.

Question 6

How did Shay’s Rebellion Influence political leaders?

Answer 6

By taking so long to put down, Shays Rebellion convinced several political leaders that the federal government was neither strong nor authoritative enough to raise an army and deal with threats, foreign or domestic.

Question 7

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

Answer 7

To cover the national debt following the Revolutionary War, Alexander Hamilton recommended a tax on domestic whiskey. Farmers, already troubled by shipping costs, rebel against the tax for diminishing their profit margin.

George Washington puts down the rebellion with a 13,000 man militia, sending an authoritative message to all those considering violent political action.

Question 8

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Answer 8

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was an act passed by the Continental Congress which aimed to set the protocol for the admission of new states within the Northewest Territories. It also banned slavery in the Northwest Territories.

Question 9

How did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 effect civil rights within the Northwest Territories?

Answer 9

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:

• abolished slavery in the territories
• granted trail by jury in the territories
• freedom of religion in the territories
• freedom from excessive punishment within the territories.

Question 10

What was the Constitutonal Convention?

Answer 10

The Constitutional Convention, also known as the Philadelphia Convention, was a gathering of 55 delegates from all the states (excluding Rhode Island) to discuss the revision of the Articles of Confederation.

Of the topics discussed, representation was one of the most disputed.

Question 11

What did the Virginia plan propose about representation?

Answer 11

Primarily championed by James Madison, the Virginia plan called for representation proportionate to state population.

Under Madison’s bicameral system, voters would elect people to the Lower house of congress, where Lower house members would elect others to the Upper house of congress.

This favored Madison’s home state of Virginia, which had one of the highest populations in the United States.

Question 12

How did the New Jersey Plan differ from the Virginia plan?

Answer 12

Whereas the Virginia plan proposed representation proportionate to population, the New Jersey Plan opted for a single chamber of congress where each state is represented equally, just as things were under the Articles of Confederation.

Question 13

How did the Great Compromise (a.k.a Connecticut Compromise) resolve the differences between the Virginia plan and **New Jersey Plan **

Answer 13

The Great Compromise synthesized both plans into one using a bicameral system containing two chambers of congress.

1. The Upper chamber (the Senate) allowed equal representation from all states.
2. The Lower chamber (House of Representatives) allowed representation according to state population.

Question 14

How did the Constitution differ from the Articles of Confederation?

Answer 14

Unlike the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution granted the national government power over the states.

• The states could no longer make their own money or interfere with interstate commerce

Congress gained the powers to:

• Levy taxes
• Regulate interstate commerce
• Conduct diplomacy
• Use military force against any state
• Enact “all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for it to uphold it’s constitutional responsibilities.

Question 15

What is the separation of powers?

Answer 15

The Constitution divides the national government’s power into three branches:

• Legislative: Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives
• Executive: The President
• Judiciary: Head by the Supreme Court

Question 16

How do Checks and Balances work?

Answer 16

Checks and Balances can be seen in motion during the law making process.

1. Congress designs and votes on a bill (potential law).
2. The president decides whether to veto the bill or make it a law.
3. The Supreme court decides whether the law is constitutional through what will later be called judicial review.

Congress can over ride a veto by two thirds majority in both chambers.The president may conduct diplomacy but all treaties must be ratified by the Senate. In this way, no branch can overpower the other two.

Question 17

Define

Checks and Balances

Answer 17

A system designed to prevent any one branch of government from overpowering the other two

Question 18

What is the purpose of Checks and Balances ?

Answer 18

Checks and Balances exist so that no branch can overpower the other two.

Question 19

Define

Three Fifths Compromise

Answer 19

A clause in the Constitution allowing three fifths of all slaves to be counted for congressional representation.

Question 20

What is Abigail Adams’s contribution to gender equality following the Revolution?

Answer 20

Abigail Adams wrote to her husband, John Adams, concerning women’s rights and equal representation, imploring him to “remember the ladies”.

Question 21

What were some beliefs of the Federalists?

Answer 21

The Federalists favored a strong central government to regulate things like, diplomacy, currency, interstate commerce, and national defense. Federalists such as Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, argued fiercely for the ratification of the Constitution in their Federalist Papers.

Question 22

_______ was a series of articles and essays written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton calling for the ratification of the Constitution.

Answer 22

**The Federalist Papers **

Question 23

________ were the part of a political party which opposed the ratification of the Constitution. Members of this group believed the Constitution granted the federal government power similar to that of tyrannical British monarchs. This group opposed a strong central government and favored state’s rights instead.

Answer 23

**Anti-federalists **

Question 24

How did the anti-federalists differ from the Federalists?

Answer 24

Anti-federalists disliked the idea of a large central government and thought the Constitution would grant the government too much power. Fear of the government encroaching on individual and state rights left anti-Federalists alarmed to see a lack of a Bill of Rights.

• A Bill of Rights would be drafted a couple years after the ratification of the Constitution.

Question 25

Describe

Bill of Rights

Answer 25

Drafted by James Madison and ratified in 1791, the Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution. They explicitly protect several individual freedoms against power of the national government.

Some of the liberties protected in the Bill of Rights include but are not limited to:

1. free speech
2. freedom of religion
3. the right to bear arms
4. immunity from soldiers quartering in private homes
5. Trial by jury, “due process of law”

The tenth amendment states that any powers not given to the national government belong to the states.

Question 26

Who is James Madison?

Answer 26

Originally a federalist, Madison pushed for the ratification of the Constitution in the Federalist Papers. In response to several state’s refusal to sign the Constitution without a comprehensive list of rights, Madison led the draft of the first ten amendments, later to be known as the **Bill of Rights. **

Question 27

Why were the Bill of Rights nesessary?

Answer 27

The ** Anti-federalist** faction believed the Constitution gave the national government power to the point were it could to encroach on the individual rights of the people. The Bill of Rights served as explicit constitutional protection for various human rights.

The Bill of Rights was unanimously supported by the antifederalists and quelled their fear of a tyrannical national government.

Question 28

Washington to Monroe

Early Republic 2nd half

Question 29

Who was George Washington?

Answer 29

George Washington was:

• the First President on the United states
• the former leader of the continental army and praised war hero
• an advocate of a loose interpretation of the Constitution in regards to establishing a national bank
• an advocate of Neutrality during the French Revolution
• served two terms
• Vice President was John Adams

Question 30

Who were the two opposing members of George Washington’s cabinet?

Answer 30

Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, and Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton often disagreed on what what role the government should play in America’s future.

Question 31

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

Answer 31

Thomas Jefferson was:

• the Secretary of State in George Washington’s Cabinet.
• the third president of the United States
• a noted Republican
• an advocate of an agricultural America
• a strict interpreter of the Constitution
• in opposition to a big federal government

Question 32

Who was Alexander Hamilton?

Answer 32

Alexander Hamilton was:

• The Secretary of the Treasury in George Washington’s Cabinet
• A noted Federalist
• A loose interpreter of the Constitution
• The man proposed the first national bank
• A supporter of
  
  • industrialization
  • mercantilist policies
  • A strong federal government
• Killed in a duel by political opponent Aaron Burr

Question 33

What are some ways in which Jefferson and Hamilton differed?

Answer 33

Jefferson and Hamilton differed in the following ways:

• Jefferson was Republican, Hamilton was Federalist
• Jefferson favored state power, Hamilton advocated a strong central government
• Jefferson saw the future of America in agriculture, Hamilton saw it in manufacturing
• Jefferson believed in free trade, Hamilton supported tariffs on foreign goods

Question 34

What was Hamilton’s Report on the Public Credit?

Answer 34

Hamilton’s Report on the Public Credit included plans for economic reform in America. In the report, Hamilton proposed that:

• The federal government should assume the debts of the individual states
• The federal government should sell land in the west to pay money owed to Europeans
• The federal government start repaying the war debt by issuing government bonds

Question 35

What was proposed in Hamilton’s Report on a National Bank?

Answer 35

** Hamilton** proposed the chartering of a National Bank that could loan capital to developing industries. The bank would serve as a place to store tax revenue, and to borrow money from when government funding was low. The national would also have authority to regulate state banks on their business ventures.

The bank would in part be funded by a public stock offering, Share holders stood to gain a lot from a steady flow of interest payments to the bank.

Question 36

What were some criticisms of the national bank?

Answer 36

Due to the banks partial funding from share holders, many saw the bank as vulnerable to corruption. By offering shares, the National Bank could fall under the control of a handful of wealthy people (like politicians), who could then influence the government through the bank.

** Jefferson** openly opposed Hamilton’s plan and the bank, saying that it was a “ a machine for the corruption of the legislature”.

Madison saw the bank as unconstitutional and not within the government’s power to charter.

Question 37

What is the Necessary and Proper clause?

Answer 37

The Necessary and Proper clause gives the government the power to enact all measures which are necessary and proper for the government to carry out its constitutional duties.

Loose constructionists like Hamilton, who believe in a broad interpretation of the Constitution, have used this clause to justify powers which may not be explicitly delegated to the federal government.

Question 38

How does the Necessary and Proper clause come into play during the deliberation over the national bank?

Answer 38

Hamilton used the clause to convince Washington to charter the National Bank. Hamilton, a loose constructionist, believed that the necessary and proper clause granted the federal government the power to charter the bank, and that the only unconstitutional acts were those explicitly prohibited in the Constitution.

Question 39

How do loose constructionists and strict constructionists differ?

Answer 39

Loose and strict constructionist differ on how they interpret the constitution.

Strict constructionists believe that the federal government’s powers are limited to those explicitly stated in the Constitution.

Loose constructionists allow for some leeway and interpretation of the intentions of the laws in the Constitution.

Question 40

How did Hamilton’s financial programs indirectly spark the Whiskey Rebellion?

Answer 40

After the federal government assumed the state’s debt, as Hamilton proposed, it needed more money. To bring money in, Hamilton suggested a tax on domestic whiskey. This tax would cut into the profit margins of whiskey selling farmers to the point were they decide to rebel.

Question 41

Who was revolting, and who was revolted against in the French Revolution?

Answer 41

Originally France’s lower class revolted against the nobility. After the Reign of Terror, were the king was executed, things would escalate into a call for all subjected people to revolt against their kings. This would further escalate into a war against the British who tried to resist the spread of revolution beyond France.

Question 42

How does Washington respond to the French Revolution?

Answer 42

Washington issued a Declaration of Neutrality, favoring trade with both France and England over fighting either.

Question 43

How did the prominent political parties split over there support of the French revolution?

Answer 43

Republicans, like Jefferson, supported the assault on a centralized power like a monarchy. Hamilton, a Federalist, called France a “mobocracy” and supported the British in preventing the spread of revolution.

Question 44

Who is Citizen Genet?

Answer 44

Citizen Genet was the French minister to the United States. He was sent to America to rally Republican support for the French Revolution. Genet actively recruited Americans and encouraged them to defy Washington’s declaration of neutrality.

Question 45

How did Citizen Genet’s actions impact American foreign relations?

Answer 45

Washington closed the U.S. ports to Genet and any of his associates. King George of England saw the potential of America’s support of France as a threat. In response, he orders the confiscation of any ships trading with the French.

The British end up seizing over 250 American vessels.

Question 46

Who is John Jay and how did he impact America’s foreign policy?

Answer 46

John Jay is most notable for Jay’s Treaty. After being dispatched to England by Washington, Chief Justice John Jay was able to obtain England’s promise to withdraw all troops from American soil by 1796.

John Jay also bargained access to British West Indian markets in exchange for not trading with the French during wartime.

Question 47

Why did some Americans disapprove of Jay’s Treaty?

Answer 47

Some Americans felt that although John Jay got England to remove their troops from American soil, he did little to stop British interference with American trade. Namely in regards to stopping the impressment of American sailors.

Question 48

What was the XYZ Affair?

Answer 48

In response to Jay’s treaty and other foreign policy favoring the British, the French considered all Americans trading with the British as pirates. After seizing several American ships, Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with France. French Minister Talleyrand demanded a bribe before negotiation could start. X,Y, and Z and are the names given to Talleyrand’s unnamed men who asked for the bribe.

Question 49

How did the XYZ Affair effect French support in America?

Answer 49

French support declined. Adams proposed building up a navy up fight France. Trade with France was temporarily banned and Americans were authorized to attack French ships on open waters.

Question 50

What is Pinckney’s Treaty?

Answer 50

In a treaty with Spain, Thomas Pinckney gained the rights to ship goods along the Mississippi river.

This treaty was met with a more positive reaction in comparison to Jay’s Treaty, as it allowed farmers from the south and west to move their product to markets faster.

Question 51

What is Republican Motherhood?

Answer 51

Advocates of Republican Motherhood emphasized teaching women about liberty, independence, and politics, in hopes that they will pass these virtuous values onto their children.

Question 52

Who was John Adams?

Answer 52

John Adams was:

• Washington’s vice president
• the Third President of the United States
• a Federalist
• the enactor of the Alien and Sedition acts

Question 53

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts?

Answer 53

After coming under fire in the press for his undeclared war with France, Adams enacted these two acts in an effort to quiet the opposition.

1. Alien act: the president has the right to deport any immigrant that poses a threat to American peace.
2. Sedition act: the federal government can silence any malicious attacks of the president of congress.

Several Republican journalists get arrested under these acts.

Answer 54

In response to the overpowering Federalist-dominated government and the Alien/ Sedition acts,

Question 55

What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?

Answer 55

In response to the overpowering Federalist-dominated government and the Alien/ Sedition acts, Jefferson and Madison anonymously wrote the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. These resolutions declared the state’s right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions. Jefferson went further by imploring states to nullify federal laws they disagreed with. An over arching theme between the two is the assertion of state over fed.

Question 56

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

Answer 56

Thomas Jefferson was:

• the Third President of the United States
• a noted Republican
• in opposition to strong central government

Question 57

A _______ is when a president elects a person to political office just before their (the president’s) term is up.

Answer 57

Midnight Appointment

Question 58

How was Jefferson’s presidency effected by John Adams’s midnight appointments?

Answer 58

When inaugurated, Jefferson had to deal with federal court system dominated by Federalist midight appointments left by Washington and Adams.

Jefferson’s Republican allies in congress would help loosen Federalist control by repealing the Judiciary act, thus closing many federal courts, and by impeaching two Federalist judges.

Question 59

What is the significance of the Marbury v. Madison case?

Answer 59

Aside from disagreeing with Marbury, the Supreme Court established it’s right to judge the constitutionality of federal law. This power would later be known as Judicial Review.

Case Details: Midnight appointment, William Marbury sued Jefferson’s Secretary of state, James Madison, for refusing to release his letter of appointment. Marbury demanded the Supreme Court make Madison release the letter. The Supreme Court decided it was not in there power to force Madison.

Question 60

________ is the Supreme Court’s power to judge the constitutionality of federal laws.

Answer 60

Judicial Review

Question 61

How does Judicial Review fit into the system of checks and balances?

Answer 61

Judicial review is the Supreme Courts “check” on the legislative branch. With this power they can keep the legislative branch from enacting unconstitutional laws.

Question 62

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer 62

Jefferson, despite not having explicit constitutional authority, authorized the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France for 15 million dollars. This track of land would double the the size of the United states and it included the sought after port city of New Orleans.

this is the olny card I would put a pic on,

*insert map United States post-Louisiana purchase, Lousiana territory highlighted, New orleans should be circled or something*

Question 63

What were some reasons for the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer 63

• Jefferson envisioned the expansion as crucial to creating an “empire of liberty”
• The Louisiana territory included the New Orleans which was an important trading port
• Purchasing the territory would double the size of the United States

Question 64

Why was Jefferson hesitant about purchasing the Lousiana territory?

Answer 64

Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Constitution never explicitly allows the president to acquire new territory. Also, Jefferson faced oppositiion from Federalists who thought the new territory would lessen the importance of their home states on the eastern seaboard.

Question 65

Under orders of Jefferson, the team of ______ and ______ led a an exploratory expedition through the newly acquired Louisiana territory.

Answer 65

Lewis and Clark

Question 66

What were a couple of Lewis and Clark’s objectives on their expedition?

Answer 66

Jefferson gave several instructions to Lewis and Cark, such as :

• find a route to the Pacific
• trace the Missouri river to it’s origin
• learn about native Americans residing in the territory
• investigate native flora and fauna

Question 67

Who is Aaron Burr?

Answer 67

Aaron Burr was a “High” Federalist politician mortally wounded Alexander Hamilton in a duel after Hamilton allowed for the publication of his negative opinion of Burr. ‘High” Federalists plotted to secede from the U.S. and start a northern pro-British confederacy.

Question 68

Who fought in the war of 1812?

Answer 68

The Americans and the British fought after British-French conflict started to effect America.

Question 69

What were Americans reasons for going to war with England?

Answer 69

In Madison’s war message to congress he listed the presence of British ships in American waters, impressment, and the British violation of America’s rights as a neutral party.

Question 70

________ is the process of forcing deserted British sailors and American citizens into the British navy.

Answer 70

**Impressment **

Question 71

How did British-French hostilities effect American trade?

Answer 71

Because neither England nor France wanted the other to benefit from trading with America, they both seized American ships trading with the opposing side.

Question 72

How did Jefferson deal with the European threat to American trade ?

Answer 72

In an effort to peacefully coerce England and France to into respecting America’s neutrality, Jefferson enacted the Embargo Act of 1807 which prohibited ships to leave for foreign ports.

Question 73

How was the Embargo Act of 1807 a double edged sword for Americans?

Answer 73

Although the Embargo had a small impact on British and French commerce, it was America that suffered the most. Many merchants found themselves bankrupt and exports dropped drastically. Jefferson received harsh criticism from New England merchants who were hit the hardest.

On the other hand, moving away from foreign trade allowed merchants to invest their capital into manufacturing, which flourished under the embargo.

Question 74

How does Madison attempt to fix the financial repercusions of the Jefferson’s Embargo act?

Answer 74

In response to the economic depression following the Embargo act, Madison introduces the Non-Intercourse act in 1808 which first allowed all trade with all countries except France and England. In 1810 the act opened trade with all nations but threated to cut trade with any nation that interfered with American ships.

Question 75

Who is James Madison?

Answer 75

James Madison was:

• The Fourth president of the U.S
• A Republican
• The President during the War of 1812

Question 76

________ were a group of militant Republicans from the South and West who called for War against England for their violations of American neutrality. Noted ________ include Henry Clay and John Calhoun.

Answer 76

War Hawks

Question 77

What were some of the War Hawks’s reasons for wanting to go to war with England?

Answer 77

• War Hawks believed acts of “peaceful coercion” like the Embargo and Non-Intercourse act, were insufficient in punishing England for their transgressions
• Some War hawks believed it was partly Englands trade policies that lead America into a depression between 1808-1810
• War Hawks were infuriated by the practice of impressment on the part of the British

Question 78

________ was a treaty signed in 1814, ending the war in Europe, restoring the status quo to what it was before the war, with neither side gaining or losing land.

Answer 78

Treaty of Ghent

News of peace spread slowly, and future president, Andrew Jackson, won a great victory over a large British fleet in New Orleans, two weeks after peace had been established.

Question 79

How did the Treaty of Ghent bring and end to British-American hostilities?

Answer 79

Americans originally got involved in the War of 1812 to end British violations of American’s rights to neutrality. Following the end of the war between France and England, there no longer existed a situation to remain neutral in, essentially turning neutrality, and America’s reason for war , into a dead issue.

Question 80

Was there any clear benefits from the War of 1812?

Answer 80

Yes, although the Treaty of Ghent never addressed neutrality rights or impressment, the move away from foreign trade allowed manufacturing to flourish in America. Numerous factories sprung up under the Embargo Act.

Question 81

What was the Hartford Convention?

Answer 81

The Hartford Convention was Federalist meeting in response to growing dissatisfaction with the war, where ideas of nullification and succession were brought up.

The Hartford Convention took pace nine days before the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

Question 82

How did the War of 1812 help lead to the demise of the Federalists?

Answer 82

Federalist opposition of the war and Hartford seemed foolish following the Treaty of Ghent and the victory in New Orleans.