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Civil Rights > New Deal Alphabet Policies > Flashcards

New Deal Alphabet Policies Flashcards

1
Q

what does AAA stand for ?

A

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

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2
Q

why was the AAA not very helpful for black Americans ?

A

the majority of the aid was given to white landowners - as many black farmers were sharecroppers or tenant farmers

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3
Q

why did the US Supreme Court find the AAA unconstitutional ?

A

because it had too much state interference

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4
Q

when did the US Supreme Court find the AAA unconstitutional ?

A

1936

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5
Q

In response to the AAA being found unconstitutional, what did FDR do ?

A
  • he set up the Farm Security Administration

- tried to give black farmers a voice on agency committees - but this was blocked by southern democrats

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6
Q

what does FSA stand for ?

A

the Farm Security Administration

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7
Q

what does TVA stand for

A

the Tennessee Valley Authority

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8
Q

what was the purpose of the TVA ?

A

to contract dams to control flooding and generate electricity

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9
Q

what was a positive for African Americans of the TVA ?

A

The construction work gave them work opportunities

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10
Q

what were the limitations to opportunities offered to black Americans in the TVA ?

A
  • the facilities and accommodation was separated
  • they were restricted to un-skilled work and so stuck at the lowest paying jobs
  • given limited access to housing
  • excluded form the model farm programmes
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11
Q

who was J. Max Bond ?

A

the TVA’s black Supervisor of Negro Training

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12
Q

what did J. Max Bond do ?

A

leaked information of black workers’ treatment to the NAACP, who published an exposé - from then on the TVA was more conscious and careful with their racial policies.

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13
Q

what does CCC stand for ?

A

Civil Conservation Corps

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14
Q

what was the aim of the CCC ?

A

To give work experience to the youth to develop new skills whilst building parks, accommodation and roads

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15
Q

by 1942, how many youth workers went through the CCC programme ?

A

3 million

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16
Q

how many places were supposed to be reserved for African Americans in the CCC programmes ?

A

10%

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17
Q

how many places were reserved for black people in the Mississippi CCC programme ?

A

1.7% - this was only improved once they were threatened that their funding would be cut

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18
Q

in Clarke County, Georgia, how many black residents were chosen to attend CCC camps ?

A

none. even though black Americans comprised 60% of the population

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19
Q

were the CCC camps integrated ?

A

initially they were, but then the federal government received complaints of ‘mixing’

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20
Q

what does NRA stand for ?

A

the National Recovery Administration

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21
Q

what was the aim of the NRA and why ?

A
  • to improve working conditions for all Americans through reducing working hours and establishing minimum wages
  • in order to assist the recovery of business and manufacturing
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22
Q

if a business adopted the NRA codes, what were they able to do ?

A

they could display a government seal of approval - a blue eagle symbol

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23
Q

what were some limitations to the NRA codes ?

A
  • agricultural and domestic professions were excluded from them
  • of the industries that did employ black people that did adopt the codes, they often had their job classification redefined in order to avoid the set wage levels
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24
Q

what percentage of African Americans work in agricultural and domestic services ?

A

75%

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25
Q

give two example of what black Americans would jokily claim the NRA stood for ?

A
  1. Negro-Run-Around

2. Negroes Roasted Again

26
Q

when was the NRA set-up ?

A

June 1933

27
Q

what does the PWA stand for ?

A

the Public Works Administration

28
Q

who headed the PWA ?

A

Harold Ickes

29
Q

what act set-up the PWA ?

A

the National Industry Act

30
Q

how much funding was given to the PWA?

A

$3.3 billion in federal funding

31
Q

vaguely, how many people did the PWA employ ?

A

hundreds of thousands

32
Q

what employers of the PWA do ?

A

construct roads, schools and hospitals

33
Q

How much did the PWA spend on the construction and improvement of schools, homes and hospitals ?

A

$65 million

34
Q

what did the Housing Division of the PWA do ?

A

used quotas to ensure construction jobs for black workers

35
Q

by 1940, what percentage of PWA-constructed houses were owned by black Americans ?

A

30%

36
Q

was there equal pay for all workers in the PWA ?

A

Yes, Ickes ensured it

37
Q

what does WPA stand for ?

A

the Works Progress Administration

38
Q

how many African Americans did the WPA employ each year ?

A

350,000

39
Q

how long did the WPA last for ?

A

4 years

40
Q

Why did white employers start to protest the WPA ?

A

Because the WPA pay was so high, black Americans no longer wanted to pick cotton at the normal rate.

41
Q

What did the WPA education programme do?

A
  • employed over 5000 black teachers

- daughter 250,000 black Americans how to read and write

42
Q

who founded the National Council of Negro Women and when ?

A

Mary McLeod Bethune founded it in 1935

43
Q

what was the aim of the National Council of Negro Women aim to do ?

A

aimed to voice black concerns to New Dealers

44
Q

when landowners had the opportunity to make money by removing land from production, what did they do?

A

they evicted sharecroppers and tenants.

45
Q

in 1933, how many of the African American farmers were sharecroppers or tenant farmers ?

A

87% of the 800,000

46
Q

between 1933 and 1940, how many black black sharecroppers were evicted ?

A

200,000

47
Q

what did the white landowners typically do with the funding from the AAA that they kept to themselves ?

A

they would use it to buy machinery that replaced the black workers

48
Q

when additional labour was needed for harvesting and planting, what did the white land owners do ?

A

persuaded local relief officials to remove black Americans from the welfare rolls so that desperation would force them ti accept very low wages

49
Q

why did Roosevelt do very little about the AAA?

A

wanted the support of the southern democrats for his New Deal

50
Q

what did a 1936 NAACP report complain about ?

A

that 6 million black agricultural workers received no federal aid

51
Q

what does NYA stand for ?

A

National Youth Administration

52
Q

what position did Mary Bethune hold in the NYA ?

A

Director of Negro Affairs

53
Q

how many young black Americans did the NYA give aid and teach skills to?

A

500,000

54
Q

how was the NYA’s money distributed ?

A

it distributed without regard to race - although it did accept segregation

55
Q

when was the Social Security Act passed ?

A

1935

56
Q

who is Charles Houston ?

A

a NAACP lawyer

57
Q

how did Charles Houston describe the Social Security Act ?

A

“like a sieve with holes just big enough for the majority of Negroes to fall through”

58
Q

what does FEPC stand for?

A

the Fair Employment Practices Commission

59
Q

when was the FEPC set up ?

A

Roosevelt set it up in 1941

60
Q

why did Roosevelt set up the FEPC?

A

to promote racial equality in defence industries

61
Q

how many black people did the FEPC eventually employ ?

A

2 million

62
Q

Why did Walter White and Philip Randolph pressure FDR to set up the FEPC ?

A

because of the poor treatment and segregation of African Americans in the American armed forces and workplace (producing military equipment) in the second world war

Civil Rights (3 decks)

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