New Born And Childhood

Question 1

Studying new born capacity

Answer 1

• observational studies
• habituation and disgabituation: repeated exposure to stimulus, loose interest? New object and reintroduce, recognition and memory
• high amplitude sucking: measuring sucking rates
• eye tracking
• physiological measures

Question 2

Vision

Answer 2

• Poor visual acuity (20/400), focus is limited (nearsighted)
• 7-8 months vision 20/100
• drawn to contrast
• facial preference

Question 3

Hearing

Answer 3

• turn head towards sounds
• infants learn sounds in womb
• preference to mothers voice
• French infants can detect French from Russian
• can differentiate between dis or approval at 6 months

Question 4

Taste and smell

Answer 4

• discriminate against different foods
• prefer sweet
• discriminate against odors too

Question 5

Learning and memory

Answer 5

• At 3 months they have good memory

Question 6

Piagets stage theory (general)

Answer 6

• child is an active participant of their development
• children are ‘scientists’ who experiment in environment
• results for schemas
• try to understand the world with them

Question 7

Stage 1

Answer 7

Sensorimotor stage 1-2
- consequences of actions
E.g. pushing things off a table, differentiate self from object, object permanence, intentionally

Question 8

Stage 2

Answer 8

Preoperational stage
2-7
- children begin to use symbols
- can’t comprehend certain rules and operations
-egoistic thinking, thinks everyone perceives as them
- classify object by one feature

Question 9

Stage 3

Answer 9

Concrete operational stages
7-12
- Master of various conversation concepts and begin to perform logical manipulations
- form mental representation of a series of actions

Question 10

Stage 4

Answer 10

Formal operational stage
12-
- arrive to adult thinking

Question 11

Critique of Piaget

Answer 11

• underestimates children’s abilities
• many of the tasks require several skills , children may have the ability but are unable to perform tasks due to lack of other required skills

Question 12

Sociocultural approach, Lev Vygotsky

Answer 12

• social and cultural context is important
  -> immediate physical environment
• culture can influence children’s development
• guidance from knowledgeable individuals
  -distinguished between 2 levels of cognitive development
  1. Child’s actual level of development
  2. Child’s porentional development

Question 13

Theory of mind

Answer 13

• ToM refers to, ability of understanding and attributing mental states onto oneself and others
• tested through false belief tasks, successfully recognizing that another person holds false beliefs is development

Question 14

Attachment

Answer 14

John bowlby
- term describes an infants tendency to seek closeness to feel secure
- early thought it’s formed due to a mothers provide of food
- monkey experiment

Question 15

Patterns of attachment (overall)

Answer 15

• strange situation by Mary Ainsworth
• provides information about motivation to be around caregiver and if caregiver provides infant with security

Question 16

Patterns of attachment (styles)

Answer 16

• securely attached: show distress when mother is gone, seek interaction, 70% of babies
• insecurely attached, avoidant: little attention to mother, don’t get distressed, easily comforted by strangers, 15%
• insecurely attached, ambivalent: intense distress when separated from mom, fear of strangers, don’t want to interact with mom when reunited, 15%