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neuroscience > neurotransmitters > Flashcards

neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

ionotropic NTs bind to what type of receptors?

A

ligand-gated channels

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2
Q

metabotropic NTs bind to what type of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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3
Q

ligands

A

chemicals that bind to receptors

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4
Q

endogenous ligands

A

neurotransmitters

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5
Q

exogenous ligands

A

psychoactive drugs

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6
Q

agonist

A

initiates normal effects on receptors

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7
Q

inverse agonist

A

initiates NT effects opposite of normal function

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8
Q

antagonist

A

blocks receptor from being activated

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9
Q

major classes of NTs

A

acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides, soluble gases

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10
Q

acetylcholine CNS functions

A

attention, learning, memory

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11
Q

alzheimer’s disease associated with (high or low) (what NT)

A

low ACh

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12
Q

acetylcholine PNS functions

A

muscle movement, some autonomic NS

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13
Q

acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

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14
Q

nicotinic receptors: what type of channel?

A

l-g Na+ channel (EPSP)

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15
Q

nicotinic receptors: agonist

A

nicotine

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16
Q

nicotinic receptors: effect what muscle?

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

curare

A

antagonizes skeletal muscle

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18
Q

muscarinic receptors: ionotropic or metabotropic

A

metabotropic (IPSP)

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19
Q

muscarinic receptors: what NS response

A

parasympathetic response

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20
Q

monoamines

A

modified from a single amino acid

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21
Q

monoamines subdivisions

A

catecholamines and indolamines

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22
Q

catecholamines subdivisions

A

dopamine, epinephrin and norepinephrine

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23
Q

dopamine pathways

A

mesolimbocortical and mesostriatal

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24
Q

mesolimbocortical pathway

A

reward center

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25
Q

mesostriatal pathway

A

movement

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26
Q

dopamine functions

A

movement, attention, motivation, learning, reinforcement

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27
Q

dopamine receptors

A

all metabotropic

28
Q

dopamine related illnesses

A

parkinson’s, schizophrenia, autism, ADHD

29
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenalin

30
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine: CNS functions

A

arousal and vigilance

31
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine: PNS functions

A

sympathetic function, epinephrine released as adrenalin

32
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine: receptors

A

adrenoreceptors, all metabotropic

33
Q

indolamines subdivision

A

serotonin

34
Q

serotonin: functions

A

mood, social behavior, appetite, sleep

35
Q

serotonin: receptors

A

19 receptors, all metabotropic except 5-HT3

36
Q

serotonin: effects of antidepressants

A

antidepressants drugs block 5-HT reuptake to increase activity in cleft

37
Q

SSRIs

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

38
Q

serotonin: hypothesis of depression

A

caused by low levels of monoamines, especially 5-HT

39
Q

serotonin: neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression

A

chronic stress and depression cause neuroplastic changes in limbic system

40
Q

serotonin: neuroplasticity hypothesis of depression (SSRIs)

A

increase 5-HT and brain derive neurotrophic factor

41
Q

brain derived neurotrophic factor

A

protein that promotes neuroplasticity and neurogenesis

42
Q

amino acids subdivisions

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine

43
Q

glutamate: excitatory or inhibitory

A

excitatory

44
Q

glutamate: receptors

A

AMPA, Kainate, NMDA

45
Q

AMPA

A

Na+ channel

46
Q

Kainate

A

Na+ and K+ channel

47
Q

NMDA

A

Ca++ channel, longer lasting effects

48
Q

glutamate: excitotoxicity

A

neural injury (stroke) causes an excess release of glutamate, which is toxic to neurons

49
Q

GABA: excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

50
Q

GABA: receptors

A

GABA(A) and GABA(B)

51
Q

GABA(A) receptor

A

ionotropic, fast

52
Q

GABA(B) receptor

A

metabotropic, slow

53
Q

GABA: target for what medications

A

anti-anxiety and tranquilizers

54
Q

tranquilizers

A

anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, pain

55
Q

GABA: related illness

A

schizophrenia, decreased GABA in prefrontal cortex

56
Q

glycine: excitatory or inhibitory

A

inhibitory

57
Q

glycine: location

A

spinal cord and brainstem

58
Q

neuropeptides subdivisions

A

endorphins

59
Q

neuropeptides: co-released with other NTs (effects)

A

modulates effects of other NTs, released at all parts of the axon terminal, enzymes destroy NP after release

60
Q

endorphins

A

endogenous opioid peptides

61
Q

endorphins: related functions

A

analgesia (pain relief), reward

62
Q

soluble gases subdivision

A

nitric oxide

63
Q

nitric oxide: location

A

produced in dendrites, diffuses as soon as it is produced

64
Q

nitric oxide: retrograde transmitter

A

diffuses backwards from postsynaptic to presynaptic neuron

65
Q

retrograde transmitter effects

A

activates second messenger pathways, modulates other NTs

66
Q

nitric oxide: process

A
  1. activates NMDA receptors (Ca++)
  2. protein cascades (postsynaptic neuron)
  3. produces nitric oxide
  4. releases more glutamate than normal (presynaptic neuron)

neuroscience (2 decks)

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