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Unit 5 > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitter

A

Excitatory- glutamate
Inhibitory- GABA (y amino butyric acid)

MAJOR

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2
Q

Amine neurotransmitters

A

Monoamines

  • catecholamines (tyrosine) dopamine, NA
  • Tryptamines (tryptophan) serotonin

Others
-Ach

Modulatory

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3
Q

What breaks down glutamate into GABA

A

GAD

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

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4
Q

What takes GABA into vesicle

A

V-GABA transporter

vesicular GABA transporter

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5
Q

What does the binding of GABA to GABAa ionotropic receptors cause

A

Influx Cl-
Hyperpolarisation
(benzodiazepans)

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6
Q

Glutamate

A 
Excitatory- Normal brain function
Sensory function (e.g. pain)
Learning/memory (slow, adaptive changes)
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7
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory Suppresses neuronal activity in the brain

Normal brain function

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8
Q

Glycine

A

Inhibitory Suppresses neuronal activity in the spinal cord

Control of sensory/motor activity

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9
Q

Ach

A

E/I Cognition
Memory
Arousal
Fine movement

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10
Q

Dopamine

A

E/I Fine movement
Cognition/emotion
Pituitary hormone secretion

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11
Q

Noradrenaline

A

E/I Mood

Blood pressure regulation

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12
Q

Serotonin

A

E/I Mood
Hallucinations
Sleep/wakefulness

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13
Q

Breakdown of tyrosine into NA

A

Tyrosine -> L-DOPA
catalyzed by Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)

L-DOPA -> DA
Cat Aromatic L-AA decarboxylase (AADC)

DA taken into vesicle via (Vmat) vesicular monoamine transporter

DA converted to NA via Dopamine B hydroxylase

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14
Q

What coverts DA to NA

A

Dopamine B hydroxylase

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15
Q

Breakdown of tryptophan into serotonin

A 
Tryptophan-> 5 hydroxy tryptophan
Via Tryptophan hydroxylase
5HT->serotonin 
via Aromatic l amino acid decarboxylase
serotonin taken vesicle via VMAT
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16
Q

Starting point for 5 HT

A

Tryptophan

17
Q

What is the starting point for Na

A

Tyrosine

18
Q

What catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-DOPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan to dopamine and serotonin

A

Aromatic l amino decarboylase

19
Q

What uptakes serotonin back into pre synaptic membrane

A

SERT

20
Q

Imipramine

A

tricyclic drug developed in the 1940s for the treatment of psychosis
Increase mood
Blocks SERT

21
Q

Reserpine

A

anti-hypertensive drug used in the 1950s
decrease mood in some patients
Blocks VMAT

22
Q

Iproniazid

A

anti-tuberculosis drug used in the 1950s
Increase mood
Block MAO

23
Q

Methyldopa

A

anti-hypertensive [pro-]drug (used in pregnancy)
Decrease mood in some patients

Acts presynaptic inhibitory auto receptors

24
Q

Alpha- methyltyrosine

A

structural analogue of tyrosine – inhibits TH
Decrease mood

25
Q

TCA

A

Tricyclic antidepressants
Block SERT/NET

Increase NT synapse

Amitriptyline

26
Q

SNRIs

A

Serotonin noradrenaline re uptake inhibitors
Block NET/SERT

increase NT synapse

Venlafaxine, dulcoxetine

27
Q

SSRI

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Block SERT

flucoxetine, citalopram

28
Q

MAOIS

A 
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Block MAO (monoamine oxidase)

Increase neurotransmitter available release

phenelzine

29
Q

Atypical

A

monoamine receptor antagonists

increase NA release

Mirtazapine Alpha 2 antagonist

30
Q

Why MAOIs rarely used

A

Dangerous dietary interactions.

Dietary tyramine (aged cheese, wine, cured meats) = similar in structure to tyrosine.

Normally tyramine broken down by MAO enzymes in gut and liver but if you are taking MAOI = not able to break them down * tyramine is free to enter the circulation -> increased level of circulating tyramine -> reach post ganglionic sympathetic nerve terminal + tyramine taken up into pre synaptic neuron (due sim structure) taken up into vesicles pushing out NA into cytoplasm +

MOA enzyme won’t work to break it down.

Then get a built up of NA gradient causing the NA transporter to work in reverse pumping NA out into synapse. I

Increased NA in synapse which have Alpha 1 adrenoceptors (smooth muscle contraction) * when they bind lead to vasoconstriction + massive hypertensive crisis. * if take the drug need to have a tyramine free diet.

31
Q

alpha 1 adrenoceptor

A

smooth muscle contraction - vasoconstriction

Unit 5 (7 decks)

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