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Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the overview of Neurotransmitters

A
  • Chemicals used for neuronal communication with the body and the brain
  • 50+ different neurotransmitters have been identified
  • Classfied chemically and functionally (as excitatory or inhibitory or both [dependent upon receptor type])
  • Excitatory (E) neurotransmitters cause depolarization
  • Inhibitory (I) nurotransmitters cause hyperpolarization
  • Both: Acetylcholoine is excitatory at skeletal muscle but inhibitory at cardiac muscle
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2
Q

Excitatory (E) neurotransmitters cause ____________?

A

depolarization

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3
Q

Inhibitory (I) neurotransmitters cause _________?

A

hyperpolarization

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4
Q

What are the chemical classifications of Neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Biogenic amines

Amino acids

Peptides

Novel messengers (Purines, Gasses)

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5
Q

Describe Acetylcholine (CNS & PNS)

A
  • First neurotransmitter identified, and best understood
  • Released at the neuromuscular junction (nerve-muscle interface)
  • Synthesized and enclosed in synaptic vesicles
  • Degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterace (AChE)
  • Released by:
    • -All neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle (excitatory)
    • -many neurons in the autonomic nervous system (E & I)
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6
Q

Describe Biogenic Amines (CNS & PNS)

A
  • Broadly distributed in the brain and include:** Catecholamines & Indolamines**
  • Play a key role in emotional behaviors and our sleep-wake cycles
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7
Q

Name the catecholamines

A

Dopamine (E or I)

Norepinephrine (E or I)

Epinephrine (E)

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8
Q

What is the function of Dopamine?

A

E or I

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9
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

A

E or I

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10
Q

What is the function of Epinephrine?

A

E

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11
Q

Name the Indolamines

A

Serotonin (I)

Histamine (E or I)

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12
Q

What is the function of Serotonin?

A

I

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13
Q

What is the function of Histamine?

A

E or I

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14
Q

Name the Amino Acids (CNS only)

A

GABA (I) - key inhibitory neurotransmitter of Brain

Glutamate (E) - Learning & Memory; “Stroke Neurotransmitter”

Glycine (I) - key inhibitory neurotransmitter of spinal cord

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15
Q

What is the function of the Amino Acid GABA?

A

Key inhibitory Neurotransmitter of BRAIN

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16
Q

What is the function of the Amino Acid Glutamate?

A

(E)

Learning & Memory

“Stroke Neurotransmitter”

17
Q

What is the function of the Amino Acid Glycine?

A

(I)

Key inhibitory Neurotransmitter of the SPINAL CORD

18
Q

Describe the Peptide neurotransmitters (CNS & PNS)?

A

Includes:

  • Beta endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins (I): natural opiates (inhibit pain)
  • **Substance P (E) **- provokes pain sensation
  • “gut brain peptides” - involved with appetite, anxiety, growth hormone release
19
Q

Describe the Novel Messengers neurotransmitters (CNS & PNS)

A

ATP (E or I): provokes pain sensation

Nitric oxide (a.k.a. NO): (E or I): gas which causes vasodilation; involved in learning/memory

20
Q

What is the function of Nitric oxide (NO)?

A
  • (E or I)
  • Novel messenger
  • gas which causes vasodilation: involved in learning/memory
21
Q

What is the function of Substance P?

A
  • (E)
  • Peptide (CNS and PNS)
  • provokes pain sensation
22
Q

What is the function of “Gut-Brain peptides”?

A

Peptide neurotransmitters involved with appetite, anxiety, growth hormone release

23
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

(E or I)

Novel messenger neurotransmitter (CNS or PNS)

provokes pain sensation

24
Q

What are the two kinds of Neurotransmitter Receptor Mechanisms?

A

Direct: neurotransmitters that open channels

Indirect: neurotransmitters that act through second messengers

25
Q

Describe Direct neurotransmitters

A
  • Open ion channels
  • promote rapid responses
  • ex: ACh and amino acids
26
Q

Describe Indirect neurotransmitters

A
  • Act through second messengers
  • promote long-lasting effects
  • ex: biogenic amines, peptides, and dissolved gasses
27
Q
A

Nervous System and Nervous Tissue (2 decks)

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