NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Question 1

What are the three classes of conventional small neurotransmitters?

Answer 1

-amino acids, monoamines, and acetylcholine.

Question 2

where are amino acids located?

Answer 2

In the CNS

Question 3

what are the four most widely studied amino acid neurotransmitters ?

Answer 3

glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Question 4

Describe glutamate.

Answer 4

The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Question 5

Describe aspartate.

Answer 5

An amino acid neurotransmitter.

Question 6

Describe glycine.

Answer 6

An amino acid neurotransmitter.

Question 7

Describe gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Answer 7

The amino acid neurotransmitter that is synthesized from glutamate; the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS.

Question 8

Where are monamine neurotransmitters located?

Answer 8

In the brain stem.

Question 9

Where are monoamine neurotransmitters released into?

Answer 9

the extracellular fluid.

Question 10

What are the four monoamine neurotransmitters?

Answer 10

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Question 11

Describe dopamine.

Answer 11

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Question 12

Describe epinephrine.

Answer 12

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Question 13

Describe norepinephrine.

Answer 13

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.

Question 14

Describe serotonin.

Answer 14

An indolamine neurotransmitter; the only member of this class of monoamine neurotransmitters found in the mammalian nervous system.

Question 15

What are the two subgroups of monoamine neurotransmitters?

Answer 15

catecholamines and indolamines.

Question 16

Describe catecholamines.

Answer 16

The three monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine: dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Question 17

Describe indolamines.

Answer 17

The class of monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from tryptophan; serotonin is the only member of this class found in the mammalian nervous system.

Question 18

Which monoamine neurotransmitters are catecholamines?

Answer 18

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Question 19

Where are Dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine synthesized from?

Answer 19

tyrosine.

Question 20

What is tyrosine converted into?

Answer 20

L-dopa..

Question 21

What is L-dope converted into?

Answer 21

dopamine.

Question 22

What are neurons that release norepinephrine called?

Answer 22

noradrenergic.

Question 23

What are neurons that release epinephrine called?

Answer 23

adrenergic.

Question 24

How is acetylcholine produced?

Answer 24

by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule.

Question 25

What are neurons that release acetylcholine said to be?

Answer 25

cholinergic.

Question 26

What gases are included in soluble-gas neurotransmitters?

Answer 26

nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

Question 27

Where are soluble-gas neurotransmitters created?

Answer 27

in the neural cytoplasm and immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and then into nearby cells.

Question 28

What do they do once they are inside another cell?

Answer 28

they stimulate the production of a second messenger and in a few seconds are deactivated by being converted to other molecules.

Question 29

What is retrograde transmission?

Answer 29

when feedback signals from the postsynaptic neuron are transmitted back to the presynaptic neuron.

Question 30

What is the function of retrograde transmission?

Answer 30

to regulate the activity of presynaptic neurons

Question 31

Describe endocannabinoids.

Answer 31

neurotransmitters that are similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive (producing psychological effects) ­constituent of marijuana.

Question 32

What is the most widely studied endocannabinoid?

Answer 32

anandamide

Question 33

Describe anandamide.

Answer 33

The first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized.

Question 34

What is the life cycle of endocannabinoids?

Answer 34

Endocannabinoids are synthesized from fatty compounds in the cell membrane; they tend to be released from the dendrites and cell body; and they tend to have most of their effects on presynaptic neurons, inhibiting subsequent synaptic transmission

Question 35

What are the five categories of neuropeptides?

Answer 35

pituitary peptides, hypothalamic peptides, brain-gut peptides, opioid peptides, ad miscellaneous peptides.

Question 36

Describe pituitary peptides.

Answer 36

-contains neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the pituitary -acknowledge that neuropeptides function in multiple capacities

Question 37

Describe hypothalamic peptides.

Answer 37

-contain neuropeptides that were first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus. -acknowledge that neuropeptides function in multiple capacities

Question 38

Describe brain-gut peptides.

Answer 38

-contains neuropeptides that were first discovered in the gut. -acknowledge that neuropeptides function in multiple capacities