Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MH701 Psychopharmacology > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine Effects

A

↓Heart rate ↑Secretions (sweat, saliva) ↑Memory ↑Muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Norepinephrine Effects

A

↑Heart rate ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Blood circulation ↓Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dopamine Effects

A

↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serotonin Effects

A

↑Happiness ↑Fullness ↓Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glutamate Effects

A

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

GABA Effects

A

↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Alertness ↓Memory ↓Muscle tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Opioids Effects

A

↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cannabinoids Effects

A

↑Hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Histamine Effects

A

↑Wakefulness ↑Stomach acid ↑Itchiness ↓Hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Acetylcholine

A

Nicotine, muscarine, Chantix, nerve gases (VX, Sarin), Alzheimer’s drugs (Aricept, Exelon), physostigmine, Tensilon, pilocarpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Norepinephrine

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, SNRIs (Effexor, Cymbalta), tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, Wellbutrin, LSD, pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), albuterol, pyridostigmine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Dopamine

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, Parkinson’s drugs (levodopa, bromocriptine, benztropine), MAOIs, Wellbutrin, LSD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Serotonin

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, LSD, psychedelics (mushrooms, mescaline), SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft), tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, BuSpar, triptans (sumatriptan, for migraines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Glutamate

A

D-cycloserine, domoic acid (shellfish)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: GABA

A

Alcohol, barbiturates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Valium), GHB, baclofen, neurosteroids (alphaxolone), muscimol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Opioids

A

Morphine, heroin, fentanyl, hydrocodone (Vicodin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Cannabinoids

A

THC (marijuana, hashish), nabilone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Histamine

A

Opiates, betahistine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Acetylcholine

A

BZ, atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, biperiden, curare, Botox, mecamylamine, α-bungarotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Norepinephrine

A

Propranolol, clonidine, phentolamine, reserpine, AMPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Dopamine

A

Antipsychotics (Haldol), reserpine, tetrabenazine, AMPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Serotonin

A

Atypical antipsychotics (Risperdal, Seroquel), Zofran, reserpine, TPH inhibitors, tryptophan-depleted drink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Glutamate

A

PCP, ketamine, Namenda (for Alzheimer’s), dextromethorphan (Robitussin), dizocilpine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: GABA

A

Flumazenil, bicuculline, bemegride, Ro 15-4513, phaclofen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Drugs that decrease or block: Opioids
Naloxone, naltrexone
26
Drugs that decrease or block: Cannabinoids
Rimonabant
27
Drugs that decrease or block: Histamine
Benadryl, antipsychotics, Tagamet, Zantac
28
Serotonin - Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms
Found in the brain and brain stem (pineal gland, raphe nuclei in the pons, and limbic function - emotions/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temperature, and sleep). The receptors involved are 5-HT - excitatory or inhibitory.
29
Too Much Serotonin
Serotonin syndrome - headache, euphoria, confusion, agitation, seizures, stroke, hyperthermia, HTN, sweating, tachycardia, or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever, hypomania, hallucinations, incoordination
30
Too Little Serotonin
Depression, carb cravings, anxiety, pain sensitivity, poor sleep, difficulty concentrating, constipation
31
Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of SEROTONIN
depression, sleep regulation, anxiety, social interaction, impulsivity, sex drive issues
32
Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake of Serotonin
SSRIs (Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft), SNRIs (Cymbalta, Effexor), 5-HTP, SAM-e, St Johns Wort, Atypical Antipsychotics, MAOIs (isocarboxazid, phenelzine), amphetamines, anorectics, anti-migraine medication (triptans, Tegretol, valproic acid), lithium, buspirone, opioids, Ultra (SSRI & mu receptor activation), Trazadone (SARI - Serotonin Agonist and reuptake inhibitor), Tricyclic anti-depressants, Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban} NDRI -(norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor), Illicit drugs (LSD, ecstasy, cocaine, meth), Nutritional Supplements, ( ginseng, nutmeg), OTC Cough & Cold meds containing (dextromethorphan), anti-nausea meds (Reglan, Zofran), Linezolid (Zyvox) antibiotic, Ritonavir (HIV med)
33
Serotonin decreaseswhen
estrogen and testosterone decrease
34
Serotonin - Head, Red, Fed
- Head - Satisfaction, sociality, migraine, decreased anxiety, decreased impulsivity, decreased sex. - Red - Platelets, bleeding - Fed - appetite, GI motility, nausea
34
Serotonin - Head, Red, Fed
- Head - Satisfaction, sociality, migraine, decreased anxiety, decreased impulsivity, decreased sex. - Red - Platelets, bleeding - Fed - appetite, GI motility, nausea
35
Serotonin Syndrome - Head, Red, Dead
- Head - Headache, confusion, agitation, seizures, stroke - Red - Red face due to hyperthermia, HTN, sweating, tachycardia, or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever, - Dead - Mortality 2-12%
36
Another way to remember symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome use the mnemonic CAN
C- Cognitive changes, including confusion, agitation, hypomania, hallucinations, euphoria, insomnia, A- Autonomic changes, including tachycardia or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, fever, sweating, dilated pupils, N - Neuromotor changes, including muscle rigidity, seizures, tremors, incoordination
37
Serotonin - SIR Raphael
Serotonin from the Raphe Nuclei
38
Norepinephrine - Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms
Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - are found in the brain (locus ceruleus projecting to the cortex for arousal, attention, & anxiety) and ANS (postganglionic neurons) in the sympathetic neurons. Receptors are all adrenergic (alpha1, beta1 - excitability and alpha2 and beta 2- inhibitory)
39
Too Much Norepinepherine
irritability, emotional instability, anxiety, depression, ADHD, poor sleep,
40
Too Little Norepinepherine
insomnia, inability to deal with stress, low energy, daytime fatigue, decreased general apathy,
41
Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Norepinephrine
ADHD, anxiety, depression, cardiac failure
42
Misc Notes on Norepinephrine
- Fight or flight neurotransmitter - laser focus and motivation - A daytime nap can double Norepinephrine (20-45 mins) - eat Tyrosine rich foods
43
during flight or fight, the body will centrally & peripherally
centrally - concentration, attention peripherally - tachycardia, HTN, glucose, essential organs
44
Cerberus coming -
Locus ceruleus produce norepinephrine
45
Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - Acetylcholine
are found in motor neurons, the brain's basal ganglion, and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), affecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The receptors involved are nicotinic receptors - excitatory and muscarinic receptors - excitatory or inhibitory.
46
Too much Acetylcholine
Depression, nightmares, mental fatigue, anxiety
47
Too little Acetylcholine
Alzheimer's, dementia, tremors, impaired cognition/attention/arousal
48
Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Acetylcholine
Alzheimer's Dementia Parkinsons
49
Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake of acetylcholine
- Cholinergic (bladder control, m=severe muscle weakness, and glaucoma) - Anti-Cholenergic (extrapyramidal symptoms, muscular spasm, akathisia, drug-induced parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia) atropine, benzatropine, chlorpheniramine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, bupropion, dextromethorphan
50
misc notes on acetylcholine
- in low doses can act like a stimulant releasing norepinephrine and dopamine Nutrition - food high in Choline
51
Acetylcholine mnemonic ACh
Autonomic - Parasynthetic NS, bradycardia, increased sexual arousal (desire and activity), urination, lacrimation, salivation, increased GI motility, sleep. Contraction - muscle Hippocampus - learning, memory, awakeness, attention, higher-order thought process,
52
Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - Dopamine
are found in the brain, brain stem (substantia nigra (reward, addiction, movement), hypothalamus (inhibits prolactin release), and kidneys. The receptors involved are D1 (excitatory) and D2 (inhibitory). Inhibits Norepinephrine and causes vasodilation (relaxation).
53
Too much Dopamine
Schizophrenia & Psychosis, unnecessary movement, repetitive tics, hypersexuality, nausea, hypomania/mania,
54
Too Little Dopamine
Parkinson's, increased Lymphocytes can be a cause of increased autoimmune disease symptoms, pain, blunting of affect/apathy, loss of motivation, RLS, ADHD, age-related cognitive flexibility, fatigue, lack of motivation, inability to feel pleasure, procrastination, low libido, hopelessness, sleep problems, mood swings, inability to concentrate
55
Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Dopamine
Schizophrenia, Psychosis, Parkinson's
56
Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake - Dopamine
most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists (blocking dopamine) - Risperidone, Haldol, Zyprexa, Reglan,
57
Dopamine agonists (increasing) -
Requip, Mirapex, Levodopa/Carbidopa (converts to dopamine in the brain), & BUSPIRONE
58
Supplements that increase - Dopamine
L-theanine, Rhodiola Rosea, aka golden root
59
Misc notes on Dopamine
- is sensitive to hydration changes and levels of estrogen in the body - Pleasure transmitter - Inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (causing relaxation) - a nutritional - diet rich in magnesium, tyrosine
60
Mnemonic DOPAMINE
Drive psychOsis Parkinsonism Attention Motor & Motivation Inhibition of prolactin (decreased lactation) Narcotics Extrapyramidal
61
The reward pathway in the brain is the Ventral Tegmental Area, so think of
Very Tired Addicts because their VTA is overexerted.
62
Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid)
found everywhere in the CNS (universal inhibitor), predominately found in interneurons. Receptors are GABAa - CL- channel & GABAb - decreases cAMP and increases K+ channels.
63
Too much GABA
- excess sleepiness, shallow breathing, decreased b/p, memory problems, dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, weakness (looks like an OD, ETOH intoxication)
64
too little GABA
Anxiety, depression, insomnia, difficulty focusing/concentrating, seizures
65
Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - GABA
Anxiety and rehab for drug abuse
66
Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake - GABA
- Increases GABA - anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, Klonopin, Gabapentin (GABA analog), Valium, Xanax, baclofen, GHB
67
Misc Notes on GABA
- GABA is made from Glutamate - Chillax transmitor - Nutrition - Fermented foods, yogurt, - B6 & B8 deficiency can cause low GABA
68
The trick to remembering GABA
is that a boring lecturer will gaba, gaba, gaba

MH701 Psychopharmacology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions