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MH701 Psychopharmacology > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine Effects

A

↓Heart rate ↑Secretions (sweat, saliva) ↑Memory ↑Muscle contractions

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2
Q

Norepinephrine Effects

A

↑Heart rate ↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Blood circulation ↓Pain

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3
Q

Dopamine Effects

A

↑Alertness ↑Happiness ↓Hunger

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4
Q

Serotonin Effects

A

↑Happiness ↑Fullness ↓Pain

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5
Q

Glutamate Effects

A

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter

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6
Q

GABA Effects

A

↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Alertness ↓Memory ↓Muscle tension

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7
Q

Opioids Effects

A

↑Sleepiness ↓Anxiety ↓Pain

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8
Q

Cannabinoids Effects

A

↑Hunger

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9
Q

Histamine Effects

A

↑Wakefulness ↑Stomach acid ↑Itchiness ↓Hunger

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10
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Acetylcholine

A

Nicotine, muscarine, Chantix, nerve gases (VX, Sarin), Alzheimer’s drugs (Aricept, Exelon), physostigmine, Tensilon, pilocarpine

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11
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Norepinephrine

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, SNRIs (Effexor, Cymbalta), tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, Wellbutrin, LSD, pseudoephedrine (Sudafed), albuterol, pyridostigmine

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12
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Dopamine

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, Parkinson’s drugs (levodopa, bromocriptine, benztropine), MAOIs, Wellbutrin, LSD

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13
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Serotonin

A

Amphetamine, cocaine, LSD, psychedelics (mushrooms, mescaline), SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft), tricyclic antidepressants, MAOIs, BuSpar, triptans (sumatriptan, for migraines)

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14
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Glutamate

A

D-cycloserine, domoic acid (shellfish)

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15
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: GABA

A

Alcohol, barbiturates (phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Valium), GHB, baclofen, neurosteroids (alphaxolone), muscimol

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16
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Opioids

A

Morphine, heroin, fentanyl, hydrocodone (Vicodin)

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17
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Cannabinoids

A

THC (marijuana, hashish), nabilone

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18
Q

Drugs that increase or mimic: Histamine

A

Opiates, betahistine

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19
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Acetylcholine

A

BZ, atropine, scopolamine, benztropine, biperiden, curare, Botox, mecamylamine, α-bungarotoxin

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20
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Norepinephrine

A

Propranolol, clonidine, phentolamine, reserpine, AMPT

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21
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Dopamine

A

Antipsychotics (Haldol), reserpine, tetrabenazine, AMPT

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22
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Serotonin

A

Atypical antipsychotics (Risperdal, Seroquel), Zofran, reserpine, TPH inhibitors, tryptophan-depleted drink

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23
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Glutamate

A

PCP, ketamine, Namenda (for Alzheimer’s), dextromethorphan (Robitussin), dizocilpine

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24
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: GABA

A

Flumazenil, bicuculline, bemegride, Ro 15-4513, phaclofen

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25
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Opioids

A

Naloxone, naltrexone

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26
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Cannabinoids

A

Rimonabant

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27
Q

Drugs that decrease or block: Histamine

A

Benadryl, antipsychotics, Tagamet, Zantac

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28
Q

Serotonin - Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms

A

Found in the brain and brain stem (pineal gland, raphe nuclei in the pons, and limbic function - emotions/mood, hunger, sex, instincts, temperature, and sleep). The receptors involved are 5-HT - excitatory or inhibitory.

29
Q

Too Much Serotonin

A

Serotonin syndrome - headache, euphoria, confusion, agitation, seizures, stroke, hyperthermia, HTN, sweating, tachycardia, or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever, hypomania, hallucinations, incoordination

30
Q

Too Little Serotonin

A

Depression, carb cravings, anxiety, pain sensitivity, poor sleep, difficulty concentrating, constipation

31
Q

Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of SEROTONIN

A

depression, sleep regulation, anxiety, social interaction, impulsivity, sex drive issues

32
Q

Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake of Serotonin

A

SSRIs (Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft), SNRIs (Cymbalta, Effexor), 5-HTP, SAM-e, St Johns Wort, Atypical Antipsychotics, MAOIs (isocarboxazid, phenelzine), amphetamines, anorectics, anti-migraine medication (triptans, Tegretol, valproic acid), lithium, buspirone, opioids, Ultra (SSRI & mu receptor activation), Trazadone (SARI - Serotonin Agonist and reuptake inhibitor), Tricyclic anti-depressants, Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban} NDRI -(norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor), Illicit drugs (LSD, ecstasy, cocaine, meth), Nutritional Supplements, ( ginseng, nutmeg), OTC Cough & Cold meds containing (dextromethorphan), anti-nausea meds (Reglan, Zofran), Linezolid (Zyvox) antibiotic, Ritonavir (HIV med)

33
Q

Serotonin decreaseswhen

A

estrogen and testosterone decrease

34
Q

Serotonin - Head, Red, Fed

A
  • Head - Satisfaction, sociality, migraine, decreased anxiety, decreased impulsivity, decreased sex.
  • Red - Platelets, bleeding
  • Fed - appetite, GI motility, nausea
34
Q

Serotonin - Head, Red, Fed

A
  • Head - Satisfaction, sociality, migraine, decreased anxiety, decreased impulsivity, decreased sex.
  • Red - Platelets, bleeding
  • Fed - appetite, GI motility, nausea
35
Q

Serotonin Syndrome - Head, Red, Dead

A
  • Head - Headache, confusion, agitation, seizures, stroke
  • Red - Red face due to hyperthermia, HTN, sweating, tachycardia, or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, muscle rigidity, fever,
  • Dead - Mortality 2-12%
36
Q

Another way to remember symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome use the mnemonic CAN

A

C- Cognitive changes, including confusion, agitation, hypomania, hallucinations, euphoria, insomnia,
A- Autonomic changes, including tachycardia or irregular rhythm, as well as shivering, diarrhea, fever, sweating, dilated pupils,
N - Neuromotor changes, including muscle rigidity, seizures, tremors, incoordination

37
Q

Serotonin - SIR Raphael

A

Serotonin from the Raphe Nuclei

38
Q

Norepinephrine - Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms

A

Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - are found in the brain (locus ceruleus projecting to the cortex for arousal, attention, & anxiety) and ANS (postganglionic neurons) in the sympathetic neurons. Receptors are all adrenergic (alpha1, beta1 - excitability and alpha2 and beta 2- inhibitory)

39
Q

Too Much Norepinepherine

A

irritability, emotional instability, anxiety, depression, ADHD, poor sleep,

40
Q

Too Little Norepinepherine

A

insomnia, inability to deal with stress, low energy, daytime fatigue, decreased general apathy,

41
Q

Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Norepinephrine

A

ADHD,
anxiety,
depression,
cardiac failure

42
Q

Misc Notes on Norepinephrine

A
  • Fight or flight neurotransmitter
  • laser focus and motivation
  • A daytime nap can double Norepinephrine (20-45 mins)
  • eat Tyrosine rich foods
43
Q

during flight or fight, the body will centrally & peripherally

A

centrally - concentration, attention

peripherally - tachycardia, HTN, glucose, essential organs

44
Q

Cerberus coming -

A

Locus ceruleus produce norepinephrine

45
Q

Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - Acetylcholine

A

are found in motor neurons, the brain’s basal ganglion, and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), affecting the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The receptors involved are nicotinic receptors - excitatory and muscarinic receptors - excitatory or inhibitory.

46
Q

Too much Acetylcholine

A

Depression, nightmares, mental fatigue, anxiety

47
Q

Too little Acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s, dementia, tremors, impaired cognition/attention/arousal

48
Q

Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s
Dementia
Parkinsons

49
Q

Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake of acetylcholine

A
  • Cholinergic (bladder control, m=severe muscle weakness, and glaucoma)
  • Anti-Cholenergic (extrapyramidal symptoms, muscular spasm, akathisia, drug-induced parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia) atropine, benzatropine, chlorpheniramine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, bupropion, dextromethorphan
50
Q

misc notes on acetylcholine

A
  • in low doses can act like a stimulant releasing norepinephrine and dopamine

Nutrition - food high in Choline

51
Q

Acetylcholine mnemonic ACh

A

Autonomic - Parasynthetic NS, bradycardia, increased sexual arousal (desire and activity), urination, lacrimation, salivation, increased GI motility, sleep.

Contraction - muscle

Hippocampus - learning, memory, awakeness, attention, higher-order thought process,

52
Q

Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - Dopamine

A

are found in the brain, brain stem (substantia nigra (reward, addiction, movement), hypothalamus (inhibits prolactin release), and kidneys. The receptors involved are D1 (excitatory) and D2 (inhibitory). Inhibits Norepinephrine and causes vasodilation (relaxation).

53
Q

Too much Dopamine

A

Schizophrenia & Psychosis, unnecessary movement, repetitive tics, hypersexuality, nausea, hypomania/mania,

54
Q

Too Little Dopamine

A

Parkinson’s, increased Lymphocytes can be a cause of increased autoimmune disease symptoms, pain, blunting of affect/apathy, loss of motivation, RLS, ADHD, age-related cognitive flexibility, fatigue, lack of motivation, inability to feel pleasure, procrastination, low libido, hopelessness, sleep problems, mood swings, inability to concentrate

55
Q

Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - Dopamine

A

Schizophrenia,
Psychosis,
Parkinson’s

56
Q

Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake - Dopamine

A

most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists (blocking dopamine) - Risperidone, Haldol, Zyprexa, Reglan,

57
Q

Dopamine agonists (increasing) -

A

Requip, Mirapex, Levodopa/Carbidopa (converts to dopamine in the brain), & BUSPIRONE

58
Q

Supplements that increase - Dopamine

A

L-theanine, Rhodiola Rosea, aka golden root

59
Q

Misc notes on Dopamine

A
  • is sensitive to hydration changes and levels of estrogen in the body
  • Pleasure transmitter
  • Inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (causing relaxation)
  • a nutritional - diet rich in magnesium, tyrosine
60
Q

Mnemonic
DOPAMINE

A

Drive
psychOsis
Parkinsonism
Attention
Motor & Motivation
Inhibition of prolactin (decreased lactation)
Narcotics
Extrapyramidal

61
Q

The reward pathway in the brain is the Ventral Tegmental Area, so think of

A

Very Tired Addicts because their VTA is overexerted.

62
Q

Psychological properties associated with psychiatric symptoms - GABA (gamma-Aminobutyric acid)

A

found everywhere in the CNS (universal inhibitor), predominately found in interneurons. Receptors are GABAa - CL- channel & GABAb - decreases cAMP and increases K+ channels.

63
Q

Too much GABA

A
  • excess sleepiness, shallow breathing, decreased b/p, memory problems, dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, weakness (looks like an OD, ETOH intoxication)
64
Q

too little GABA

A

Anxiety, depression, insomnia, difficulty focusing/concentrating, seizures

65
Q

Most common psychiatric disorders associated with the imbalance of - GABA

A

Anxiety and rehab for drug abuse

66
Q

Drug classes associated with targeting/re-uptake - GABA

A
  • Increases GABA - anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, Klonopin, Gabapentin (GABA analog), Valium, Xanax, baclofen, GHB
67
Q

Misc Notes on GABA

A
  • GABA is made from Glutamate
  • Chillax transmitor
  • Nutrition - Fermented foods, yogurt,
  • B6 & B8 deficiency can cause low GABA
68
Q

The trick to remembering GABA

A

is that a boring lecturer will gaba, gaba, gaba

MH701 Psychopharmacology (7 decks)

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