Neurotransmitter and Receptor Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when an action potential reaches the synaptic terminal?

A

Neurotransmitters are released and diffuse across the synaptic cleft, the receptors see the NT and initiate a response

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2
Q

How do receptors respond to NT?

A

Direct excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmission - the next cell fires an AP or is inhibited

Neuromodulation - alters the pre synaptic cells ability to release more NT or the post synaptic ability to respond

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3
Q

What are the two categories of neurotransmitters?

A

Classical

Non classical

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4
Q

What are classical neurotransmitters?

A

Amino acids - GABA, glutamate
Monoamines - dopamine, serotonin
Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What are non classical neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides e.g. endorphin

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6
Q

What is the difference between classical and non classical neurotransmitters?

A

Classical - synthesised at the pre synaptic terminal, stored in vesicles, released when calcium comes in

Non classical - synthesised in the cell body and transported to the synaptic terminal, stored in secretory granules, released in response to global increase in calcium, need way more calcium for them to be released

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7
Q

What are amino acid transmitters responsible for?

A

Fast transmission, turning on or off neurons

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8
Q

What are examples of amino acid transmitters?

A

Glutamate - excitatory, causes the next neuron to fire a nerve impulse

GABA and glycine - inhibitory, blocks the next neuron from firing an impulse

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9
Q

What do receptors vary in?

A

Their pharmacology - what transmitter binds to the receptor and how drugs interact

Kinetics - rate of transmitter binding and channel gating determine the duration of effects

Selectivity - what ions are fluxed, allowing certain things in but not others

Conductance - how fast something flows inside the receptor

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10
Q

Types of receptors

A

Agonist - a drug that combines with a receptor on a cell to produce an action

Antagonist - a drug that reduces or completely blocks the activity of the agonist, no effect after interacting with receptor. Alone, doesn’t do much but with agonist, blocks the activity of it

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11
Q

4 requirements for a neurotransmitter

A

Chemical synthesised presynptically
electrical stimulation leads to the release of the chemical
chemical produces physiological effect
terminate activity

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12
Q

What is the difference between glutamate and GABA?

A

Glutamate binds to iontotropic receptors, influx of Na, causing a EPSP - depolarising - EXCITATORY

GABA inotropic receptors, influx of calcium, causing an IPSP - hyper polarising - INHIBTORY

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13
Q

What else activates ionotopic receptors?

A

Acetylcholine and serotonin and ATP

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14
Q

What does input have to be?

A

Integrated, all the charges will then decide whether a postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP or not

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15
Q

How can you release non classical neurotransmitters?

A

A more intense stimulation is needed - hence a more global increase in calcium

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