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PSY 230 > Neurotransmission and Drugs > Flashcards

Neurotransmission and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor?

A

The receptor becomes activated like a key and lock

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2
Q

Ligand

A

a molecule that binds to a receptor

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3
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters leftover in the synaptic cleft

A

They get destroyed by enzymes or reuptake ( reabsorption of neurotransmitter by presynaptic neurons

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4
Q

How many NT are there

A

Dozens- 5-10 major types

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5
Q

How are NT generalized

And what determines the effect

A 
By anatomical localization
By effect (EPSP or IPSP)
The postsynaptic receptors and channels
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6
Q

The most common NT found in the nervous system, found throughout the brain
Excitatory (induces EPSPs)

A

Glutamate
Glutamate receptors induce depolarization following NT binding
Participates in numerous processes, emphasis on learning and memory

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of receptors for glutamate

A
  1. AMPA (ionotropic)
  2. NMDA (ionotropic)
  3. mGluR (metabotropic)
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8
Q

GABA

A 
Gamma Amino Butyric Acid
Most common inhibitory NT
Causes IPSPs
Found throughout the brain
Opens either chloride channels (Cl- into cell) or potassium channels (K+ ions out of the cell)
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9
Q

2 receptors for GABA

A
  1. GABAA

2. GABAB

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10
Q

ACh

A

Acetylcholine
Usually EPSPs
In brain and PNS

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11
Q

What does ACh affect in the brain

A

Sensation, learning, and action

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12
Q

What does ACh affect in the PNS

A

Peripheral motor neurons

Parasympathetic system

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13
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

A synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

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14
Q

What NT is at the neuromuscular junction

A

ACh

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15
Q

Sarin

A

Extremely toxic chemical weapon
Inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase ( an ACh degrader)
Causes ACh buildup, prevents muscle relaxation

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16
Q

The family of Catecholamines

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
Both EPSP & IPSP

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17
Q

Norepinephrine

A

aka Noradrenaline
General function is to mobilize the brain and body for action
Sympathetic autonomic system
Produced in small structures, widespread affect
Most notably in the Locus Coeruleus

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18
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, reward, motivation

Produced in the Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

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19
Q

How many families of dopamine receptors are there

A

2

D1 & D2

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20
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A 
Known as "happiness NT" 
Sleep, appetite
Antidepressant drugs increase serotonin
Produced in the Raphe Nuclei
Mixed EPSPs & IPSPs
21
Q

Opioids

A 
Endorphin and Enkephalin
"Natural morphine"
Pain reduction, reward, euphoria
Mixed EPSPs & IPSPs
Bind to opioid receptors
Synthesized following pain, exercise and laughter
22
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Reverse NT
Soluble gas in dendrites-generated by postsynaptic enzyme in response to NT
Leaks out of dendrite
Enters presynaptic neuron-needs no membrane receptor. Penetrates inside neuron directly
Activates presynaptic secondary messenger
Feedback

23
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for acetylcholine

A

2 or more (ionotropic and metabotropic)

24
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for dopamine

A

5 or more (metabotropic)

In 2 families (D1 vs D2)

25
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for norepinephrine

A

4 or more (metabotropic)

26
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for serotonin

A

7 or more (ionotropic and metabotropic)

27
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for glutamate

A

5 or more (ionotropic and metabotropic)

28
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for GABA

A

10 or more (ionotropic and metabotropic)

29
Q

How many receptor subtypes are there for opioids

A

3 or more (metabotropic)

30
Q

What do most psychoactive drugs act on

A

synapses

31
Q

Agonists-
Presynaptic:
Postsynaptic:

A

Turn ON NT system (EPSP or IPSP)
Release NT
Activate receptors

32
Q

Antagonists-
Presynaptic:
Postsynaptic:

A

Turn OFF NT system
Prevent release
Block receptors

33
Q

Inverse agonists

A

Postsynaptic bind to receptors but induces opposite effect

34
Q

Parkinsons disease

A

Reduced dopamine levels
Medication: L-Dopa
L-Dopa is a dopamine precursor
Presynaptic agonists

35
Q

Cocaine

A

Presynaptic agonist

Inhibits reuptake of dopamine by blocking dopamine transporter. Also blocks serotonin and norepinephrine

36
Q

Amphetamine

A

Blocks and reverses dopamine transporter
Increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
Stimulation, euphoria, wakefulness, improved cognitive control
Used in treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, depression; athletic performance enhancer

37
Q

Adderall

A

Prescribed combination of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine

38
Q

Ritaline

A

Not amphetamine, but similar effect

39
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

SSRIs
Block reuptake of Serotonin
Commonly prescribed antidepressant: Prozac

40
Q

Morphine and Heroin

A

Postsynaptic Agonists
Activate postsynaptic opioid receptors
Euphoric, pain relief
Mimic endorphins, enkephalin

41
Q

Synthetic Opioid Drugs

A

Fentanil- 50X more potent than heroin
Carfentanil- 100X more potent than fentanil
Pain reduction, tranquilizer darts
Overdose inhibits brainstem breathing circuits

42
Q

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

A

Postsynaptic agonist
Hallucinogenic Drug
Activates serotonin receptors

43
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Xanax, Valium
Postsynaptic agonist
Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anti-epileptic, muscle relaxant
Bind to GABA receptors and facilitate GABA effects

44
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs for Schizophrenia

A

Pimozide, haloperidol
Block D2 dopamine receptors
Prevent dopamine from activating

45
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Block serotonin receptors

Still block dopamine too

46
Q

Routes of administration of drugs

A

Oral
Sniff and nasal mucosa
Intravenous injection
Smoke

47
Q

Long-term effects

1. Receptor-Down Regulation

A

Tolerance to drug
-Fewer receptors to activate
Withdrawal in absence
-Normal NT gives lower signal

48
Q

Long-term effects

2. Neural Sensitization

A

Hyper responsive to drug
Dopamine sensitization and addiction
-Wanting vs. liking

49
Q

Long-term effects

3. Neurotoxicity

A

Amphetamine
Kills dopamine neurons
Toxic at 10X street dose

PSY 230 (9 decks)

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