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Daddy Pharm > Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

Resting membrane potential voltage

A

-80 mv

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2
Q

Threshold voltage

A

-55 mv

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3
Q

Which communicates faster?
Chemical or electrical synapse

A

electrical

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4
Q

Slower, more controlled communication

A

chemical synapse

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5
Q

Primary cellular communication forms

A

Chemical (NTs)

Electrical (passive/active conduction)

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6
Q

Chemical communication uses

A

NTs

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7
Q

Synapse/synaptic cleft is located between…

A

the nerve terminal
&
post synaptic membrane

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8
Q

If we open Na channels on the post synaptic membrane, what happens?

A

depolarization

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9
Q

T/F
Normally, ICF is polarized.

A

True

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10
Q

When negative voltage becomes more positive, it is called

A

depolarization

more positive/closer to 0

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11
Q

Allows nearly instant binding of NT to post-synaptic membrane

A

synapse is very small
pre & post synaptic membranes very close together

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12
Q

Neurons act as _____. They take info coming in and will fire/not fire, depending on ____ & ____.

A

integrating engines
timing
sequence

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13
Q

Synapse locations

A

can synapse on:
dendrite
body
axon
terminal

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14
Q

only thing neurons can do

A

decide whether to fire or not fire

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15
Q

electrical communication

A

Passive Conduction
Active Conduction

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16
Q

T/F
Very few places in the brain have true electrical conduction.

A

True

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17
Q

T/F
Changes in voltage when ions enter the dendrite = change sensed at the cell body.

A

False
cell body senses only fraction of change that happens at dendrite d/t ion diffusion
(passive conduction)

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18
Q

(Active/passive) conduction utilizes brownian motion.

A

passive

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19
Q

disruption of charge

A

as ions diffuse, some of charge is lost
[ ] drops

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20
Q

what increases disruption of charge?

A

more fluid
longer distance to travel

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21
Q

disruption of charge occurs in (passive/active) conduction

A

passive

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22
Q

Cl- influx can bring the potential to

A

-90

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23
Q

active conduction

A

pass signal down the axon itself
constantly regenerated
voltage DOES NOT DIMINISH (like passive)

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24
Q

(active conduction)
as charge passes along, triggers ______ channels to open.

A

voltage-gated Na

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25
Q

Wavelike, marching of charge down axon

A

active conduction

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26
Q

normal resting state (negative charge) is restored by

A

opening of K channels
K exits

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27
Q

T/F
A wave of depolarization travels down the axon, opening Na channels on one side of the axon, followed by K channels on the other side.

A

False
Na and K channels are intermixed on the axon

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28
Q

T/F
Na channels on the post-synaptic membrane are voltage gated.

A

False
Na channels on axon are

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29
Q

restores particular ion [ ]

A

Na/KATPase
3 Na out
2 K in

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30
Q

Na/KATPase
what comes in?
what goes out?

A

3 Na out
2 K in

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31
Q

Na/KATPase makes ICF more (-/+)

A

-

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32
Q

T/F
the neuron requires a separate signal to trigger repolarization

A

False
occurs automatically in response to voltage changes

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33
Q

Influx of Na+ changes voltage to

A

-40

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34
Q

boutons

A

nerve terminals

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35
Q

Dendrites (actively/passively) transmits info to cell body.

A

passively

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36
Q

A neuron’s ribosomes are located in the

A

cell body/soma

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37
Q

To fire an axon, we stimulate the ___

A

axon hillock

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38
Q

axon hillock attaches….

A

axon and cell body

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39
Q

Neuron
ligand channels/receptors

A

(axon hillock)
receptor zones inside cell
react to particular substance
produces it in nucleus
releases via ribosome/biochem mechanism

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40
Q

T/F
The axon hillock features voltage gated Na channels

A

false
ligand gated

axon = voltage gated

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41
Q

Intracellular ligand channels in the axon hillock are associated with ___ channels.

A

Na

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42
Q

How do Na ions enter the axon hillock?

A
  1. particular substance binds to intracellular receptor zone (ligand gated)
  2. substance released intracellularly
  3. interacts with receptor zone
  4. opens Na channel
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43
Q

At the axon hillock, a substance binds to & interacts with an intracellular receptor, opening its associated Na channel. This is an example of a ______ gated channel.

A

ligand

not voltage
axon = voltage gated

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44
Q

ligand gated vs voltage gated channels

A

-what opens them
-location

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45
Q

Initiation of a signal occurs by activating (ligand/voltage) gated Na channels at the axon hillock.

A

ligand

  1. stimulate ligand-gated Na channels (hillock)
  2. Na enters, increasing voltage
  3. stimulates the adjacent voltage-gated channels (axon)
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46
Q

_____ gated Na channels initiate positive depolarization at the ____ ____ that is sensed by the ____ gated Na channels adjacent to them.

A

ligand
axon hillock
voltage

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47
Q

T/F
Ca channels can be voltage gated

A

True
present esp at nerve terminal

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48
Q

triggers fusion of vesicles with terminal membrane

A

Ca influx

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49
Q

T/F
vesicle membranes are made of the same material as the membrane on the outside of the nerve terminal

A

True
fusion creates weak point
terminal absorbs vesicle membrane
pulls open
forces contents into synapse

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50
Q

Mechanism
Fusion of vesicle and terminal

A

(made of same material)
1. fusion creates weak point
2. terminal absorbs vesc. memb.
3. pulls vesc. open
4. contents into synapse
5. vesicle memb incorporated into nerve terminal
6. terminal constantly being pinched off to make more vesicles

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51
Q

2 types of axons

A

myelinated
nonmyelinated

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52
Q

myelinated sheaths of PNS

A

schwann cells
wrap their membrane around axon

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53
Q

Schwann cells ___ the axon, bc cell membrane is made of ___ material

A

insulate
lipid

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54
Q

Schwann cells/myelin sheaths, prevent penetration of ___.

A

ions

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55
Q

(myelinated axon)
the only place ions can enter

A

nodes of Ranvier
(gaps between myelin sheaths)

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56
Q

myelin is made up of ….

A

EC membrane

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57
Q

myelinated axon benefits

A

-less energy required
-faster conduction
“saltatory conduction”
jumps current between nodes

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58
Q

(myelinated axon)
Na channels are only located…

A

in the nodes of Ranvier
(gaps between myelin sheaths)

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59
Q

T/F
Most nerves are myelinated.

A

True

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60
Q

T/F
Most nerves in the periphery are myelinated.

A

True

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61
Q

T/F
All motor nerves are myelinated

A

True

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62
Q

Motor neurons only synapse in the periphery at…

A

their final point of contact (the muscle)

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63
Q

(myelinated/non-myelinated) nerves are more likely to be disrupted by ion channels/current in ECF.

A

non-myelinated

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64
Q

(myelinated/non-myelinated) have less ion channels, so there is less transport of ions, and thus requires (more/less) energy for Na/KaTPase

A

myelinated
less energy

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65
Q

T/F
all nerves have the same resting potential

A

False
but
all within same range -60 to -90

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66
Q

⭐️
normal ion [ ]

A
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67
Q

When Na enters cell, voltage becomes

A

-40 to -30
depends on how much enters

68
Q

⭐️
Primary contributor to resting charge is

A

K+ channels

69
Q

Which ion is a secondary messenger?

A

Ca

70
Q

only channel open at rest (-70 mv)

A

K+ channels
-70 is negative enough to where we can keep K in the cell
electromotive forces = diffusional forces

71
Q

electromotive force

A

charges of ECF/ICF and charge of ion interact to either facilitate or inhibit movement across membrane

72
Q

entrance is opposed by electromotive force but aided by diffusional force

A

Cl-
- charge & - ICF = repels
[ ] gradient: High ECF, low ICF = facilitates

73
Q

entrance is aided by electromotive force and diffusional force

A

Na+
+ charge & - ICF = facilitates
[ ] gradient: High ECF, low ICF = facilitates

74
Q

Why does Na enter so rapidly?

A

electromotive force & diffusional force favors its entrance into cell

75
Q

exit is inhibited by electromotive force but aided by diffusional force

A

(as K is leaving the cell)
K+
+ charge & - ICF = holds it inside cell
[ ] gradient: high ICF, low ECF = facilitates exit

76
Q

Why does more Na enter cell than K exiting?

A

Na entrance aided by electromotive & diffusional forces

K exiting only favored by diffusional forces

77
Q

T/F
All K and Na channels open at the same voltage.

A

False
but they work the same way

78
Q

How can K gradients be kept in balance if the channel is open at rest?

A

at rest = -70
-70 is negative enough to where we can keep K in the cell
electromotive forces = diffusional forces

79
Q

At ___ mv, there is no net movement of K b/c…

A

-70 mv
electromotive forces = diffusional forces

80
Q

Dendritic Conduction is an example of (passive/active) conduction.

A

passive

81
Q

Axonal Conduction is an example of (passive/active) conduction.

A

active

Axonal = active

82
Q

restores chemical equilibrium

A

Na/K/ATPase

83
Q

Signal initiated at ____ by ….

A

axon hillock
internally ligand-gated Na+ channels

84
Q

T/F
In order for the action potential to travel across the axon, there must be a fully positive charge.

A

False
does not need to be positive
it just becomes less negative

85
Q

Channel plugs exist in…

A

a tri-state

86
Q

hysteresis

A

oscillation occurring in a physical process
(structure goes back and forth between 2 forms)

Also:
Lag between plasma [ ] & drug rcptr [ ]

87
Q

Tri-state allows the system to ___ itself.

A

reset

88
Q

Existing in a tri-state prevents ____

A

hysteresis

89
Q

Increases conduction rates

A
  1. Myelination
    -Decreased Capacitance
    -Saltatory Conduction
  2. Higher resting potential (less - = closer to having Na ch open)
  3. Increasing Na+ channel density
  4. Increasing Axonal diameter (less resistance to impulse’s flow; fit more ions)
90
Q

Capacitance

A

movement of ions across a membrane

91
Q

Myelination (decreases/increases) capacitance

A

decreases
(can only move ions at nodes of ranvier)

92
Q

Ions in smaller diameters have less movement/slow down d/t…

A

interact with membrane and other charges

93
Q

T/F
Small diameter increases conduction rate.

A

False
decreases conduction rate

94
Q

Synaptic Transmission occurs at

A

bouton/nerve terminal

95
Q

Terminal membrane is gradually lost and is replenished by…

A

synthesized in cell body
transported down axon to terminal

96
Q

T/F
Vesicles are usually composed completely of NTs

A

False
NT maybe primary substance
other components present (ie: proteins)

97
Q

Vesicles contain ____ neurotransmitter

A

1 quanta of

98
Q

1 quanta = ___ NTs

A

5,000-10,000

99
Q

Vesicles are reformed by an (endo/exocytotic) process, and can then be refilled

A

endocytotic
(pinching off)

100
Q

When wave of depolarization reaches nerve terminal, what happens?

A

-Ca channels open
-Ca influx (down its gradient)
-triggers S.R. to dump its Ca into ICF
-S.R.’s ion pump dumps into ECF
-very quickly taken back up w/ extra Ca that came in

101
Q

Most ICF Ca is located in…

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

multifolded tissues that store lots of Ca inside

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

103
Q

The surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum has many _____

A

Ca ion pumps

104
Q

What causes the large increase in Ca [ ] at the nerve terminal?

A

SR dumps its Ca into ICF

(not the Ca channels that are triggered when depolarization reaches terminal)

105
Q

When Ca pumps complete their fxn at nerve terminal, the ICF has ____ Ca.

A

nearly net 0

106
Q

Axon fibrils

A

rotating fibers
transport mechanism
ie: vesicles from soma –> terminal

107
Q

How to make vesicles

A
  1. vesicles produced in cell body
  2. transported down axon
  3. filled & used at terminal

-OR-

endocytotic process (pinching off membrane)

108
Q

T/F
Vesicles hold a consistent # of NTs

A

False

109
Q

Primary Excitatory NTs (7)

A

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin (at ionophoric 5-HT3)
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid

110
Q

Most numerous primary excitatory NTs

A

Glutamic Acid, Aspartic Acid

111
Q

Serotonin is excitatory at ____ but inhibitory at _____

A

excite: ionophoric 5-HT3
inhibit: G-protein type receptors

“excite my ions!”

112
Q

Primary Inhibitory

A

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
Glycine
Serotonin (at G-protein type receptors)

113
Q
A

resting state/region of next AP
Na+ channel is closed
membrane potential -

114
Q
A

refractory
Na+ channel inactive
membrane potential -

115
Q
A

depolarized
Na+ channel open
membrane potential +

116
Q

Na+ enters the channels when the region is ____

A

depolarized

117
Q

Na+ channels are open when…

A

the region is depolarized

118
Q

Na+ channels are inactive when…

A

refractory
(the AP just passed over this region)

119
Q

Na+ channels are closed in the resting state and when…

A

its the next region the AP will trigger

120
Q

When is membrane potential +?

A

depolarization

121
Q

When _____, the Na+ channel plug goes into the lumen d/t …

A

refractory/inactive

adjacent Na ions change channel shape

122
Q

T/F
ACh is inhibitory

A

False

123
Q

All volatile agents are highly potent inhibitors of _____ receptors

A

nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChr)

124
Q

T/F
NTs are voltage dependent

A

True
requires influx of Ca++ into the presynaptic terminals

125
Q

T/F
Myelination increases capacitance, leading to faster conduction.

A

False
decreases capacitance

(Capacitance: movement of ions across membranes)

126
Q

Myelination requires less energy b/c…

A

conserves membrane potential with less ion transfer

less energy needed to reestablish Na+/K+ concentration gradients

127
Q

Ca Channels on the bouton are ___ gated

A

voltage

128
Q

Afferent nerve fibers

A

Type A fibers: largest diameters, fastest; myelinated; divided into alpha, beta, gamma, delta

Type B fibers: smaller diameter; myelinated

Type C fibers: smallest diameter; unmyelinated; slow pain, pruritis, temperature sensation

129
Q

transmission (impulses btwn neurons) is mediated by ___ while transduction (AP) is conducted by ___.

A

Transmission = Neurotransmitters

Transdxn = channels w/in membrane

130
Q

Norepinephrine receptor activity

A

excitatory at A1 receptors
inhibitory at A2 receptors

131
Q

Inhibited by antiemetic

A

Serotonin

132
Q

T/F
etomidate acts on GABAr

A

True

133
Q

Coagonist at the N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA) receptor

A

glycine

134
Q

Principle inhibitor neurotransmitter in spinal cord

A

glycine

increases Cl- into the cell, causing hyperpolarization

135
Q

T/F
The PNS and SNS are part of the motor aspect of the nervous system.

A

True

motor portion of ANS:
SNS and PNS

136
Q

Neurons are surrounded and protected by

A

glial cells

137
Q

Types of Glial cells in CNS

A

Astrocytes: anchor to blood supply; exchange between neurons and capillaries

Microglial cells: immune defense

Ependymal cells: create, secrete, and circulate CSF

Oligodendrocytes: myelin sheath

(CNS glials: “C.A.M.E.O.”)

138
Q

Types of Glial cells in PNS

A

Satellite cells: surround & support (like astrocytes)

Schwann cells: myelin sheath

“P.S.S.”

139
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

one cell body, one axon, and a bunch of dendrites

Most of our neurons are multipolar neurons, especially motor neurons and interneurons

140
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

two processes (“bi-“) with an axon and a single dendrite extending from opposite sides of the cell body

141
Q

just one process; usually found on sensory receptors

A

unipolar neuron

142
Q

How we respond to threats/pain

A

SENSORY receptors detect stimulus
⬇️
interneuron (CNS; process info (integration)
⬇️
motor neuron
⬇️
sends response to skeletal muscles to contract and pull away
⬇️
React

motor effectors = MOTOR response

143
Q

determines movement of the ions in/out of the cell

A

Electrochemical gradient

144
Q

open in response to physical stretching of the membrane

A

Mechanically-gated channels

145
Q

summation

A

electrical potentials combine at the axon hillock

(process that determines whether or not an AP will be generated by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory signals)

146
Q

T/F
multiple APs can be generated at once

A

False
one at a time
uniform strength and speed

147
Q

Restores RMP from hyperpolarized state

A

NaKATPase

148
Q

Graded potential

A

only a few channels open
a little bit of sodium enters the cell
localized slight change in the membrane potential

149
Q

Action potentials vary in

A

Frequency
(Less frequent = weak stimulus; more frequent = stronger)

Conduction velocity (speed)
(Myelinated = faster; unmyelinated = slower)

150
Q

Action potentials don’t vary in

A

intensity through amount of voltage

151
Q

T/F
signals can be modified, amplified, inhibited, or split

A

True
At a synapse this is possible

152
Q

T/F
Electrical synapses offer immediate communication.

A

True

153
Q

Brain outer layer vs inner layer

A

Outer layer = gray matter
inner layer = white matter

154
Q

Broca’s area location

A

left side of frontal lobe

155
Q

contains Wernicke’s area for written/spoken language

A

temporal

156
Q

contains hippocampus and amygdala of limbic system

A

temporal

157
Q

The Brainstem connects which two structures?

A

cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

158
Q

determines overall level of CNS activity

A

RAS

159
Q

sends out reflexive motor signals

A

midbrain

“Those reflexes are mid, B.”

160
Q

Limbic system & hypothalamus:
emotions
core temp
___
___

A

thirst
appetite

161
Q

short term memory

A

Hippocampus

162
Q

sexual and social behavior

A

Amygdala

163
Q

Basal ganglia
Inhibitory process is mediated by

A

dopamine and GABA for skeletal muscle contraction

164
Q

Ascending/descending tracts in ___ matter

A

white

165
Q

Sensory info flows into ___ portion of gray matter; motor info outflow exits from ___ portion

A

dorsal (posterior)

ventral (anterior)

(S.A.G.’D. : sensory afferent grey dorsal)

166
Q

T/F
The peripheral nervous system is responsible for integrating sensory information and coordinating both conscious and unconscious activity

A

False
CNS does this

167
Q

Meningeal layers

A

bone
dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

Daddy Pharm (13 decks)

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