Neurosyphology

Question 1

What is SLUDD

Answer 1

Salvation (stimulates)
Lacrimation (stimulates)
Urination (contracts Blatter) 
Digestion (Stimulates digestion)
Defecation (relaxes rectum)

Question 2

What structures provide protection for the brain?

Answer 2

Dura matter “tough mother”
Arachnoid “middle layer”
Pia matter “soft mater”

Question 3

How is the nervous system categorized?

Answer 3

CNS, PNS,& ANS

Question 4

Explains the process of CNS and PNS

Answer 4

The CNS is involved with processing information and the PNS gathers information

Question 5

What is meant by “pathology”?

Answer 5

A pathology is the study of nature, disease and it causes processes, development, and consequences

Question 6

What is the CSF and why is it important?

Answer 6

The CFS is cerebrospinal fluid

Question 7

What is the structure and functions of the meninges?

Answer 7

The meninges is made up of three membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord, it keeps the fluids from entering the brain (dura matter, arachnoid, pia mater)

Question 8

What are the four parts of the brainstem?

Answer 8

The four parts of the brainstem include hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and the hippocampus.

Question 9

What part of the brain is responsible for saccades?

Answer 9

The mesencephalon responsible for saccades,

Saccades is a quick, simultaneousmovement in both eyes in the same direction

Question 10

Name and describe the pathologies of the meninges

Answer 10

Meningitis is the information of the protective membrane covering the spinal cord and the brain

Question 11

What are opiates and what part of the brain to the effect?

Answer 11

Opiates block pain signals from the medulla oblongata

* morphine heroin and codeine

Question 12

What structure of the brain is responsible for preparing you for unpredictable events?

Answer 12

The medulla oblongata controls the functions necessary for human life

Question 13

Compare and contrast the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

Sympathetic nervous system allows the body to function under stress fight or flight

Parasympathetic Constant oppositions to sympathetic rest and repose

Question 14

What part of the brainstem is responsible for muscle movement?

Answer 14

Cerebellum

Question 15

Describe and explain all the ways the hypothalamus prepares your body for stresses it may encounter

Answer 15

When the hypothalamus senses stress it sends signals to the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine or the pituitary to release a fight or flight response

Question 16

The functions and structures of the brainstem

Answer 16

Medulla oblongata-vital to the bodies functions (breathing,heart rate)

Mesencephalon-hearing,eye movement, vision, body movement

Cerebellum-movement and posture

Pons-relay center from the brain to cerebellum

Question 17

Describe hemianopia and akinesia

Answer 17

Hemianopia is blindness in half of the eye

Akinesia is the lack of voluntary movement due to lack of dopamine activity

Question 18

If you were a doctor and observed dysarthria in the patient, what what is the possible areas of the brain affected, and why?

Answer 18

Dysarthria affects the cerebellum, the cerebellum coordinates motor involuntary movement

Question 19

In class we learned about pathologies of the cerebellum, the pons and the mesencephalon. However, in general pathologies of the medulla oblongata are more serious why?

Answer 19

Medulla pathologies are more serious because it controls vital organs

Question 20

Explain in detail how the basal ganglia controls subconscience muscle movement

Answer 20

The basal ganglia controls “subconscious”. Muscle movement beginning with the cerebral cortex sending messages to the basal ganglia. Then the basal ganglia sends a message to the cortex by going through the Thalamus then the cerebral cortex send messages so the motor neuron and interneuron

Question 21

A sleep cycle consists of five steps, which are in turn divided into two categories: REM sleep and non-REM sleep. REM sleep, or rapid eye movement sleep, occurs toward the end of each cycle and is typically the stage for our most lucid dreams. Conversely, non-REM sleep is generally lighter and dreamless, save for a few fragmentary images here and there

Answer 21

At this stage, sleep is very light and can easily be disrupted. Mental activity begins to slow down, with brain waves

eye movement stops and brain waves become slower, with alpha activity shutting down entirely

Question 22

Explain the functions of the thalamus. How does Thalamus specifically perform these functions?

Answer 22

The functions of the Thalamus is to relay motor and sensory to the cerebral cortex

Question 23

What are three possible pathologies of the thalamus? What causes these pathologies? How are these pathologies connected to the function of the thalamus?

Answer 23

Three pathologies of the thalamus are Ataxia, Dejerine ,roussy syndrome

Question 24

What are the basic functions of the limbic system?

Answer 24

The limbic system supports a variety of functions including epinephrine flow, emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory

Question 25

What is capgras syndrome?

Answer 25

Disorder that leads someone to believe their family member have been replace. It is caused when their hippocampus and the amygdala. The disorder leads someone to believe their family members have been replaced by imposters

Question 26

What is the difference between random error and bias?

Answer 26

The difference between bias and errors is that errors are unknown and unpredictable. Bias is when the scientist performing the experiment influence the results.

Question 27

Parts of the neuron:

Answer 27

Dendrites- receive incoming signals from other neurons

Soma- body of the cell and it determines when the cell fires

Terminal buttons- releases chemical
neurotransmitters to another neuron

Axon- conducts signal called action potentials and has a myelin sheath which covers the axon.

Question 28

Explain why sciences have not been able to duplicate the complexity involved in human movement. Be careful not to just express your opinion. You must provide a solid evidence!

Answer 28

Scientist can not duplicate the complexity involved in the human brain because it sends signals through neurons which tell parts of the body to move whether it is voluntary or involuntary movement.

Question 29

What are the parts of the cerebrum and their functions?

Answer 29

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing
Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

Question 30

Explain the functions of all the parts of a neuron.

Answer 30

• Soma- the cell body
• Dendrites- recieves message from other cells
• Axon- passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles and glands
• Action Potential- electrical signal traveling down the axon
• Myelin Sheath- covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
• Terminal button- forms junctions with other cells

Question 31

Compare and contrast an action potential with an electrotonic potential.

Answer 31

• Electrotonic triggered by stimulus
• Action triggered by threshold
• Electrotonic has no refactory period
• Electrotonic chemical gated ion channels
• Short distance travel
• Action potential voltage gated ion chanels
• Long distance travel

Question 32

Why is the outside of a nerve cell always more positive than the inside?

Answer 32

Because of the sodium potassium pump , so everything can be equal, if it wasnt more positive than it wouldnt be equal and the sodium potassium pump will not function

Question 33

59. What are the requirements for a good scientific graph?

Answer 33

Data table, variables, IV goes x axis , dependent variable goes on vertical axis , scale, number and label each axis, plot the data,

Question 34

61. Why do chlorine and potassium cause inhibition of nerve transmission?

Answer 34

-They cause inhibition to stop the transmission to keep going, if chloride gets in it becomes more negative and if it becomes more negative it can never get to -55 which it need in the axon hillock in order for the whole prcess to start again

Question 35

61. Why do chlorine and potassium cause inhibition of nerve transmission?

Answer 35

-They cause inhibition to stop the transmission to keep going, if chloride gets in it becomes more negative and if it becomes more negative it can never get to -55 which it need in the axon hillock in order for the whole prcess to start again

Question 36

Where are voltage-gated ion channels located? Where are ligand-gated ion channels located?

Answer 36

• voltage gated ion channels are located in the axon and the ligand-gated cahnnels are located at the terminal end

Question 37

Compare and contrast an electrical gradient with a concentration gradient

Answer 37

• when something goes from high to low and concentration is molecules, electrical is ions