Neurosensory

Question 1

Adjuvant analgesic drugs

Answer 1

Drugs that are added for combined therapy with a primary drug and may have additive or independent analgesic properties, or both

Question 2

agonists

Answer 2

Substances that bind to a receptor and cause a response

Question 3

Agonist–antagonists

Answer 3

Substances that bind to a receptor and cause a partial response that is not as strong as that caused by agonists (also known as partial agonists)

Question 4

Antagonists

Answer 4

Substances that bind to a receptor and prevent (block) a response, resulting in inhibitory or antagonistic drug effects; also called inhibitors

Question 5

Ceiling effect

Answer 5

The effect that occurs when a particular pain drug no longer effectively controls a patient’s pain despite the administration of the highest safe dosages.

ie. - Codeine has a ceiling amount 200-300mg/day

Question 6

Breakthrough pain

Answer 6

pain that occurs between doses of pain medication

Question 7

Gate control theory

Answer 7

A common and well-described theory of pain transmission and pain relief. It uses a gate model to explain how impulses from damaged tissues are sensed in the brain

Question 8

Neuropathic pain

Answer 8

Pain that results from a disturbance of function or pathological change in a nerve

Question 9

Nociception

Answer 9

Processing of pain signals in the brain that gives rise to the feeling of pain

Question 10

Nociceptive pain

Answer 10

Pain that arises from mechanical, chemical, or thermal irritation of peripheral sensory nerves (e.g., after surgery or trauma or associated with degenerative processes). Two subtypes of nociceptive pain are visceral and somatic

Question 11

Nociceptors

Answer 11

A subclass of sensory nerves (A and C fibres) that transmit pain signals to the central nervous system from other body parts

Question 12

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Answer 12

A large, chemically diverse group of drugs that are analgesics and possess anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties but are not corticosteroids.

Question 12

Nonopioid analgesics

Answer 12

Analgesics that are structurally and functionally different from opioids

Question 13

Pain threshold

Answer 13

The level of stimulus that results in the
sensation of pain

Question 14

Pain tolerance

Answer 14

The amount of pain a patient can endure
without its interfering with normal function

Question 15

Referred pain

Answer 15

Pain occurring in an area away from the organ
of origin

Question 16

Synergistic effects

Answer 16

Drug interactions in which the effect of a
combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

Question 17

Vascular pain

Answer 17

Pain that results from pathology of the vascular or perivascular tissues.

Question 18

Visceral pain

Answer 18

Pain that originates from internal organs or smooth muscles.

Question 19

Types of analgesics

Answer 19

• Nonopioids including acetaminophen and aspirin and
  other NSAIDs
• Opioids, which are natural or synthetic drugs that either
  contain or are derived from morphine (opiates) or have opiate-like effects or activities (opioids), and opioid ago- nist–antagonist drugs

Question 20

older adult considerations for pain/pain management

Answer 20

older adult pts may be reluctant to report pain. They also may metabolize opiates at a slower rate and thus are at increased potential for adverse effects such as sedation and respiratory depression. The best rule is to begin with low dosages, re-evaluate often, and go slowly during upward titration

Question 21

Opioids are not to be used with

Answer 21

alcohol or with other CNS depressants, unless ordered, because of worsening of the depressant effects

Question 22

what SE must be promptly reported to the nurse or other health care provider

Answer 22

Dizziness, difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, excessive sleepiness (sedation), confusion, or loss of memory

Question 23

If pain is problematic and not managed by monotherapy, a combination of a variety of medications may be needed. Other drugs that may be used include:

Answer 23

antianxiety drugs, sedatives, hypnotics, or anticonvulsants.

Question 24

A natural alkaloid narcotic which when metabolized is the same chemical structure as morphine

Answer 24

codeine

Question 25

A semisynthetic when combined with Acetaminophen 300mg is call Percocet

Answer 25

oxycodone

Question 26

A synthetic often given for obstetric pain and preoperative although it produces a toxic metabolite which can cause seizures and delirium

Answer 26

meperidine

Question 27

A synthetic opioid first used as an general anesthetic and is available in a patch for long term use

Answer 27

fentanyl

Question 28

A natural opioid often prepared synthetically due to low plant yield. When combined with Acetaminophen and Caffeine is call Tylenol #3

Answer 28

codeine

Question 29

This drug when combined with Asa s called Percadan

Answer 29

oxycodone

Question 30

A synthetic opioid used for detoxification treatment for persons with addiction to opioids

Answer 30

methadone

Question 31

For many NSAIDS a common side effect is GI symptoms including bleeding, ulceration and perforation. Which NSAID provides protection for the stomach and intestinal lining (COX1 protection).

Answer 31

Celecoxib

Question 32

When treating severe pain associated with metastatic bone cancer, which type of pain management scheduling provides the best results?

Answer 32

Regular scheduled with breakthrough dosages

Question 33

What is the benefit of transdermal fentanyl patches in the management of bone pain from metastatic cancer?

Answer 33

More analgesia for longer time periods