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CHEM131 > Neuroscience Exam 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic Neurons

A

Transmits signals towards the synapse

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1
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (ESPS)

A

-can be AP or not
-temporary depolarization of post-synaptic membrane
-from entrance of sodium ions into the cell
-increase frequency of AP above spontaneous rate

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1
Q

Spatial Summation

A

-synaptic inputs from separate locations combine their effect on a neuron
-timing important

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1
Q

Postsynaptic Neurons

A

Receives signals from the presynaptic neuron

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1
Q

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

-temporary graded hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membrane
-potassium ions of chlorine ions (negatively charged) enter cell
-less likely to fire AP
-purpose: inhibit neurons (e.g. sleep)
-decrease frequency of AP below spontaneous rate

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2
Q

Charles Scott Sherrington

A

-came up with the name synapse
-observed that speed of conduction through the reflex arc was slower (15m/s) than action potential along sensory or motor axons (40m/s)

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2
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-repeated stimulus within a brief time have a cumulative effect
-combined excitations can exceed threshold to produce AP

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2
Q

Spontaneous firing rate

A

-periodic production of AP even without synaptic input
-important for perception

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3
Q

Neuronal Synchronization

A

-brain waves from different regions will synchronize (network communication)
-can give rise to oscilliations

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3
Q

Role of Calcium

A

-In response to AP, Ca(2+) channels open in the axon terminal and Ca(2+) ions enter triggering the proteins (SNAREs) that cause exocytosis

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3
Q

Metabotrophic receptors

A

-(pain, attention, emotion)
-initiates a metabolic reaction, second messenger communicates to many areas within cell
-effects slower and longer lasting
-for complex signals

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3
Q

Dopamine Pathway 1

A

-Mesocortical
-Ventral Tegmental area(VTA) <–> Prefrontal Cortex(PFC)
-for long term/delayed gratification

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4
Q

Exocytosis

A

-Vesicles containing neurotransmitters in presynaptic neuron fuse w/ membrane and neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft

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4
Q

Ionotrophic receptors

A

-(hearing and vision)
-neurotransmitter binds to this receptor and opens its channels
-simple on/off signal
-effects are fast

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5
Q

Dopamine Pathway 2

A

-Mesolimbic
-Ventral Tegmental area(VTA) <–> nucleus accumbens (NAc)
-REWARD PATHWAY
-instant reward
-linked to addiction

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6
Q

monoamines

A

-modified amino acids
-includes dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Dopamine Pathway 3

A

-Nigrostriatal
-Substantia Nigra (SN) <–> Basal Ganglia (striatum) (BG-S)
-important fro movement
-impacted in parkinson’s

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7
Q

Dopamine

A

-voluntary movement
-reward, motivation, cognitive control
(prediction of reward)
-psychosis

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8
Q

Dopaminergic drugs

A

-antipsychotics
-stimulants
-recreational drugs
-nicotine

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9
Q

Conditions involving dopamine

A

-ADHD (reward/motivation)
-Parkinson’s (voluntary movement)

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10
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline synthesizers

A

-main synthesizer in brain: locus coeruleus
-in PNS: adrenal cortex (above kidney)

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11
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline

A

-energy, arousal, mood (depression and anxiety)

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12
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline receptors

A

alpha and beta

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13
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters move in the “same direction”

A

norepinephrine and dopamine

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14
brain region where there are a lot of nuclei to synthesize neurotransmitters
pons
15
Serotonin
-sleep and wakefulness -mood (depression): general contentment -linked to aggression (serotonin dysfunction --> more aggression)
15
Serotonin synthesizer
Raphe nuclei (in pons)
16
Serotonin drugs and how they work
-SSRIs, TCAs, MAOI -block proteins that recycle seritonin
17
what direction does serotonin move
opposite to norepinephrine and dopamine
18
glutamate
-most important excitatory neurotransmitter -receptors: AMPA, NMDA -psychosis -caused by influx of sodium -excitotoxicity: damage from excessive glutamate release
19
GABA
-most important inhibitory neurotransmitter -receptors: GABA(A), GABA(B), GABA(C) -influx of chloride -Drugs: benzodiazaphines
20
Acetylcholine
-receptors: nicotinic, muscarinic -synthesized in: nucleus basalis of Meynert -muscles: junctions -memory and attention (Alzheimer's)
21
processes in development of neurons
-proliferation -migration -differentiation -myelination -synaptagenesis
22
proliferation
-production of new cells -overproliferation: megacephaly (big head) -reduced proliferation: microcephaly (smaller head)
23
migration
-chemicals guide neuron migration -deficit in chemical --> small brain size, decreased axon growth -impacted by environmental factors during pregnancy
24
differentiation
-cell change into specialized type of neuron (axon/dendrites formed) -axon first -dendrites formed after migration
25
myelination
-process in which axons covered by myelin sheath -changed based on environments -e.g. socially isolated mice --> underdeveloped myelin (PFC)
26
synaptogenesis
-neurons form new synapses and discard old/useless ones (SYNAPTIC PRUNING) -hyperconnectivity: too many synapses --> synethesia, ASD -too much synaptic pruning -->schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, memory loss
27
fine tuning by experience
-stimulating environment --> enhances sprouting of axons and dendrites in many species -prolonged experiences (language, instruments, sports) !!
28
hierarchy of function
more sophisticated from spinal cord to cortex
29
spinal cord
-reflexes -communicates w/ sense organs and muscles -receives motor commands from brain, sends sensory input to brain
30
Hindbrain
-postural support -disconnection of hindbrain from the rest of brain = vegetative state -consciousness is effected
31
Midbrain
-operant movements -reaction to stimulus (not motivated) -i.e. to attack, get food... -superior(vision) and inferior(hearing) colliculus
32
Diencephalic
-thalamus -hypothalamus: important for motivated behavior (sleep, sex, eating), thermoregulation -pituitary gland: hormones
33
Basal Ganglia
-self maintenance -behaviors more biologically adaptive -simple sequence of movements (grooming, copulation, feeding) -why animals can learn without cortex (conditioning)
34
Cortex
-intention -skilled movements and sequences -allows us to extend usefulness of learned behaviors to new situations -problem solving and planning
35
Cortical layers
-INPUT/OUTPUT -different amount of neurons in each layer depending on region -superficial layers (II and III): receive inputs from other cortical areas -middle layer (IV) sensory analysis -layers V and VI: output zone
36
Cortical columns
-INTERACTION(function) -neurons within column are functionally similar -most interactions take place vertically -most apparent in primary sensory regions -develop with experience/use
37
ocular dominance column
-different columns activate with different line orientation
38
transduction
-transforms energy into electrical energy (originally light, pressure, chemicals) -occurs in receptors
39
visual receptors
-retina (cones and rods)
40
retina
-neural tissue that receives light -contains rods and cones -has a fovea and periphery
41
fovea
small area specialized for acute, detailed vision
42
periphery
better sensitivity to dim light
43
cones
-mostly in fovea -for higher light levels (color)
44
rods
-mostly in periphery -for lower light levels
45
ipsilateral
-brings sensory visual info from one eye to THAT side of brain
46
contralateral
-brings sensory visual info from one eye to THE OTHER side of brain
47
Geniculostriate
-pattern, color, and motion recognition -lateral geniculate nucleus --> striate cortex
48
Tectopulvinar
-spatial location of objects -tectum (midbrain)--> superior colliculus-->thalmus pulvinar nucleus and parietal lobe
49
V1
-straite cortex -primary visual cortex
50
v1 and v2
functionally heterogeneus
51
v4
-colored vision
52
v5
-Middle temporal MT -perceive objects in motion
53
ventral stream
-"what" -Fusiform face area (FFA): face analysis -extra straite body area(EBA): body analysis -superior temporal sulcus(STS): biological motion -parahippocempal place area (PPA): places
54
hemianopia/hemianopsia
-blindness of have visual feild
55
dorsal stream
"where" and "how" -parietal reach region: visually guided reach
56
blindsight/cortical blindness
-can respond to stimulus you don't consciously see
57
cortical color blindness/ achromatopsia
-effects color in imagery and memory as well
58
apperceptive
-type of visual agnosia -inability to develop perception of object (cant draw)
59
associative agnosia
-inability to recognize an object despite its apparent perception

CHEM131 (3 decks)

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