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CHEM131 > Neuroscience Exam 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Presynaptic Neurons

A

Transmits signals towards the synapse

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1
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic potential (ESPS)

A

-can be AP or not
-temporary depolarization of post-synaptic membrane
-from entrance of sodium ions into the cell
-increase frequency of AP above spontaneous rate

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1
Q

Spatial Summation

A

-synaptic inputs from separate locations combine their effect on a neuron
-timing important

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1
Q

Postsynaptic Neurons

A

Receives signals from the presynaptic neuron

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1
Q

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

-temporary graded hyper-polarization of postsynaptic membrane
-potassium ions of chlorine ions (negatively charged) enter cell
-less likely to fire AP
-purpose: inhibit neurons (e.g. sleep)
-decrease frequency of AP below spontaneous rate

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2
Q

Charles Scott Sherrington

A

-came up with the name synapse
-observed that speed of conduction through the reflex arc was slower (15m/s) than action potential along sensory or motor axons (40m/s)

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2
Q

Temporal Summation

A

-repeated stimulus within a brief time have a cumulative effect
-combined excitations can exceed threshold to produce AP

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2
Q

Spontaneous firing rate

A

-periodic production of AP even without synaptic input
-important for perception

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3
Q

Neuronal Synchronization

A

-brain waves from different regions will synchronize (network communication)
-can give rise to oscilliations

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3
Q

Role of Calcium

A

-In response to AP, Ca(2+) channels open in the axon terminal and Ca(2+) ions enter triggering the proteins (SNAREs) that cause exocytosis

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3
Q

Metabotrophic receptors

A

-(pain, attention, emotion)
-initiates a metabolic reaction, second messenger communicates to many areas within cell
-effects slower and longer lasting
-for complex signals

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3
Q

Dopamine Pathway 1

A

-Mesocortical
-Ventral Tegmental area(VTA) <–> Prefrontal Cortex(PFC)
-for long term/delayed gratification

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4
Q

Exocytosis

A

-Vesicles containing neurotransmitters in presynaptic neuron fuse w/ membrane and neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft

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4
Q

Ionotrophic receptors

A

-(hearing and vision)
-neurotransmitter binds to this receptor and opens its channels
-simple on/off signal
-effects are fast

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5
Q

Dopamine Pathway 2

A

-Mesolimbic
-Ventral Tegmental area(VTA) <–> nucleus accumbens (NAc)
-REWARD PATHWAY
-instant reward
-linked to addiction

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6
Q

monoamines

A

-modified amino acids
-includes dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Dopamine Pathway 3

A

-Nigrostriatal
-Substantia Nigra (SN) <–> Basal Ganglia (striatum) (BG-S)
-important fro movement
-impacted in parkinson’s

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7
Q

Dopamine

A

-voluntary movement
-reward, motivation, cognitive control
(prediction of reward)
-psychosis

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8
Q

Dopaminergic drugs

A

-antipsychotics
-stimulants
-recreational drugs
-nicotine

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9
Q

Conditions involving dopamine

A

-ADHD (reward/motivation)
-Parkinson’s (voluntary movement)

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10
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline synthesizers

A

-main synthesizer in brain: locus coeruleus
-in PNS: adrenal cortex (above kidney)

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11
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline

A

-energy, arousal, mood (depression and anxiety)

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12
Q

Norepinephrine /noradrenaline receptors

A

alpha and beta

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13
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters move in the “same direction”

A

norepinephrine and dopamine

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14
Q

brain region where there are a lot of nuclei to synthesize neurotransmitters

A

pons

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15
Q

Serotonin

A

-sleep and wakefulness
-mood (depression): general contentment
-linked to aggression (serotonin dysfunction –> more aggression)

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15
Q

Serotonin synthesizer

A

Raphe nuclei (in pons)

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16
Q

Serotonin drugs and how they work

A

-SSRIs, TCAs, MAOI
-block proteins that recycle seritonin

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17
Q

what direction does serotonin move

A

opposite to norepinephrine and dopamine

18
Q

glutamate

A

-most important excitatory neurotransmitter
-receptors: AMPA, NMDA
-psychosis
-caused by influx of sodium
-excitotoxicity: damage from excessive glutamate release

19
Q

GABA

A

-most important inhibitory neurotransmitter
-receptors: GABA(A), GABA(B), GABA(C)
-influx of chloride
-Drugs: benzodiazaphines

20
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-receptors: nicotinic, muscarinic
-synthesized in: nucleus basalis of Meynert
-muscles: junctions
-memory and attention (Alzheimer’s)

21
Q

processes in development of neurons

A

-proliferation
-migration
-differentiation
-myelination
-synaptagenesis

22
Q

proliferation

A

-production of new cells
-overproliferation: megacephaly (big head)
-reduced proliferation: microcephaly (smaller head)

23
Q

migration

A

-chemicals guide neuron migration
-deficit in chemical –> small brain size, decreased axon growth
-impacted by environmental factors during pregnancy

24
Q

differentiation

A

-cell change into specialized type of neuron (axon/dendrites formed)
-axon first
-dendrites formed after migration

25
Q

myelination

A

-process in which axons covered by myelin sheath
-changed based on environments
-e.g. socially isolated mice –> underdeveloped myelin (PFC)

26
Q

synaptogenesis

A

-neurons form new synapses and discard old/useless ones (SYNAPTIC PRUNING)
-hyperconnectivity: too many synapses –> synethesia, ASD
-too much synaptic pruning
–>schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, memory loss

27
Q

fine tuning by experience

A

-stimulating environment –> enhances sprouting of axons and dendrites in many species
-prolonged experiences (language, instruments, sports) !!

28
Q

hierarchy of function

A

more sophisticated from spinal cord to cortex

29
Q

spinal cord

A

-reflexes
-communicates w/ sense organs and muscles
-receives motor commands from brain, sends sensory input to brain

30
Q

Hindbrain

A

-postural support
-disconnection of hindbrain from the rest of brain = vegetative state
-consciousness is effected

31
Q

Midbrain

A

-operant movements
-reaction to stimulus (not motivated)
-i.e. to attack, get food…
-superior(vision) and inferior(hearing) colliculus

32
Q

Diencephalic

A

-thalamus
-hypothalamus: important for motivated behavior (sleep, sex, eating), thermoregulation
-pituitary gland: hormones

33
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

-self maintenance
-behaviors more biologically adaptive
-simple sequence of movements (grooming, copulation, feeding)
-why animals can learn without cortex (conditioning)

34
Q

Cortex

A

-intention
-skilled movements and sequences
-allows us to extend usefulness of learned behaviors to new situations
-problem solving and planning

35
Q

Cortical layers

A

-INPUT/OUTPUT
-different amount of neurons in each layer depending on region
-superficial layers (II and III): receive inputs from other cortical areas
-middle layer (IV) sensory analysis
-layers V and VI: output zone

36
Q

Cortical columns

A

-INTERACTION(function)
-neurons within column are functionally similar
-most interactions take place vertically
-most apparent in primary sensory regions
-develop with experience/use

37
Q

ocular dominance column

A

-different columns activate with different line orientation

38
Q

transduction

A

-transforms energy into electrical energy (originally light, pressure, chemicals)
-occurs in receptors

39
Q

visual receptors

A

-retina (cones and rods)

40
Q

retina

A

-neural tissue that receives light
-contains rods and cones
-has a fovea and periphery

41
Q

fovea

A

small area specialized for acute, detailed vision

42
Q

periphery

A

better sensitivity to dim light

43
Q

cones

A

-mostly in fovea
-for higher light levels (color)

44
Q

rods

A

-mostly in periphery
-for lower light levels

45
Q

ipsilateral

A

-brings sensory visual info from one eye to THAT side of brain

46
Q

contralateral

A

-brings sensory visual info from one eye to THE OTHER side of brain

47
Q

Geniculostriate

A

-pattern, color, and motion recognition
-lateral geniculate nucleus –> striate cortex

48
Q

Tectopulvinar

A

-spatial location of objects
-tectum (midbrain)–> superior colliculus–>thalmus pulvinar nucleus and parietal lobe

49
Q

V1

A

-straite cortex
-primary visual cortex

50
Q

v1 and v2

A

functionally heterogeneus

51
Q

v4

A

-colored vision

52
Q

v5

A

-Middle temporal MT
-perceive objects in motion

53
Q

ventral stream

A

-“what”
-Fusiform face area (FFA): face analysis
-extra straite body area(EBA): body analysis
-superior temporal sulcus(STS): biological motion
-parahippocempal place area (PPA): places

54
Q

hemianopia/hemianopsia

A

-blindness of have visual feild

55
Q

dorsal stream

A

“where” and “how”
-parietal reach region: visually guided reach

56
Q

blindsight/cortical blindness

A

-can respond to stimulus you don’t consciously see

57
Q

cortical color blindness/ achromatopsia

A

-effects color in imagery and memory as well

58
Q

apperceptive

A

-type of visual agnosia
-inability to develop perception of object (cant draw)

59
Q

associative agnosia

A

-inability to recognize an object despite its apparent perception

CHEM131 (3 decks)

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