Neuroscience chapter 24

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Learning is gaining new knowledge or skills

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

Memory is retaining learned information.

Question 3

What is declarative memory?

Answer 3

Declarative memory is facts and events you learn about. They are episodic such as life experiences or semantic such as facts. They are called explicit because they require concious effort. It resides at medial temporal love; diencephalon

Question 4

What is nondeclarative memory?

Answer 4

Nondeclarative memory is procedural memory such as a skill, behavior, or habit. You have to repeat it to get it down that’s why it’s called implicit since it requires direct experience. It requires classical conditioning. Procedural memory like skills and habits reside in the striatum. Skeletal musculature resides in the cerebellum. Emotional responses come from the Amygdala.

Question 5

Procedural memory

Answer 5

Procedural memory requires a sensory input for a motor response. There are two types of procedural memory: associative learning and nonassociative learning.

Question 6

What is nonassociative learning?

Answer 6

Nonassociative learning is when you cause in behavioral response such as habituation which is learning how to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning or importance. Also sensitization which is exaggerated response to a stimuli.

Question 7

What is associative learning?

Answer 7

Associative learning is forming associations between two events such as classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning. Classical conditional is divided into two types unconditioned which requires no training and conditioned which requires training. Instrumental conditioning is forming an association with a particular consequence such as reward

Question 8

What us electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 8

ECT is used to treat psychiatric illnesses. It can erase short-term memory but not long-term. Memories are converted into long-term by the process of memory consolidation. Facts and events are stored in short-term memory. working memory is to hold information in mind.

Question 9

What is amnesia

Answer 9

memory loss or the ability to learn. Two types: retrograde, events before the trauma forgotten by the memories from long time a ago are still there and can’t learn the new memories. Anterograde is when you remember the old memory but can’t learn anything new.

Question 10

Prefrontal cortex (rostral end of frontal lobe)?

Answer 10

It is involved in working memory and self awareness, complex planning, and problem solving.

Question 11

lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP), buried in the intraparietal sulcus

Answer 11

Area LIP is thought to be involved in guiding eye movements

Question 12

Information flow through the medial temporal lobe

Answer 12

Sensory information to cortical associated areas to parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas to hippocampus to fornix to hypothalamus

Question 13

Electrical stimulation in temporal lobe and temporal lobe seziures

Answer 13

causes hallucination and flashbacks

Question 14

H.M.

Answer 14

had ante retrograde amnesia. as able to learn procedural tasks but would forget them.

Question 15

memory recognition

Answer 15

hippocampus, rhinal cortex, amygdala

Question 16

Place cells/place fields

Answer 16

in the hippocamus associated with recognizing the place.

Question 17

Grid cells

Answer 17

located in entorhinal media to rhinal sulcus involved in spatial navigation such as direction

Question 18

Cognitive map theory

Answer 18

hippocampus creates the map of the environment

Question 19

Hippocamous

Answer 19

grid cells input provide where and other inputs provide what and combined they provide what happened where

Question 20

In the standard model

Answer 20

a temporary memory trace is formed in the hippocampus through synaptic consolidation and engrams later develop in neocortex through systems consolidation. Over time, memory depends more on connections in neocortex (solid lines) and less on the hippocampus (dashed lines).

Question 21

In the multiple trace model

Answer 21

engrams for episodic memories always involve both the hippocampus and neocortex (all lines are solid). The red and green lines indicate two traces for the same memory that were made in somewhat different sensory contexts.

Question 22

striatum

Answer 22

receives input from the frontal and parietal cortex and sends output to thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in movement.