Neuroscience chapter 24 Flashcards
What is learning?
Learning is gaining new knowledge or skills
What is memory?
Memory is retaining learned information.
What is declarative memory?
Declarative memory is facts and events you learn about. They are episodic such as life experiences or semantic such as facts. They are called explicit because they require concious effort. It resides at medial temporal love; diencephalon
What is nondeclarative memory?
Nondeclarative memory is procedural memory such as a skill, behavior, or habit. You have to repeat it to get it down that’s why it’s called implicit since it requires direct experience. It requires classical conditioning. Procedural memory like skills and habits reside in the striatum. Skeletal musculature resides in the cerebellum. Emotional responses come from the Amygdala.
Procedural memory
Procedural memory requires a sensory input for a motor response. There are two types of procedural memory: associative learning and nonassociative learning.
What is nonassociative learning?
Nonassociative learning is when you cause in behavioral response such as habituation which is learning how to ignore a stimulus that lacks meaning or importance. Also sensitization which is exaggerated response to a stimuli.
What is associative learning?
Associative learning is forming associations between two events such as classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning. Classical conditional is divided into two types unconditioned which requires no training and conditioned which requires training. Instrumental conditioning is forming an association with a particular consequence such as reward
What us electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
ECT is used to treat psychiatric illnesses. It can erase short-term memory but not long-term. Memories are converted into long-term by the process of memory consolidation. Facts and events are stored in short-term memory. working memory is to hold information in mind.
What is amnesia
memory loss or the ability to learn. Two types: retrograde, events before the trauma forgotten by the memories from long time a ago are still there and can’t learn the new memories. Anterograde is when you remember the old memory but can’t learn anything new.
Prefrontal cortex (rostral end of frontal lobe)?
It is involved in working memory and self awareness, complex planning, and problem solving.
lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP), buried in the intraparietal sulcus
Area LIP is thought to be involved in guiding eye movements
Information flow through the medial temporal lobe
Sensory information to cortical associated areas to parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas to hippocampus to fornix to hypothalamus
Electrical stimulation in temporal lobe and temporal lobe seziures
causes hallucination and flashbacks
H.M.
had ante retrograde amnesia. as able to learn procedural tasks but would forget them.
memory recognition
hippocampus, rhinal cortex, amygdala
Place cells/place fields
in the hippocamus associated with recognizing the place.
Grid cells
located in entorhinal media to rhinal sulcus involved in spatial navigation such as direction
Cognitive map theory
hippocampus creates the map of the environment
Hippocamous
grid cells input provide where and other inputs provide what and combined they provide what happened where
In the standard model
a temporary memory trace is formed in the hippocampus through synaptic consolidation and engrams later develop in neocortex through systems consolidation. Over time, memory depends more on connections in neocortex (solid lines) and less on the hippocampus (dashed lines).
In the multiple trace model
engrams for episodic memories always involve both the hippocampus and neocortex (all lines are solid). The red and green lines indicate two traces for the same memory that were made in somewhat different sensory contexts.
striatum
receives input from the frontal and parietal cortex and sends output to thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in movement.
