Neuroscience and mental health Flashcards
1
Q
Features of dendrites
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2
Q
Features of axons
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3
Q
Define neuronal integration
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4
Q
Recall the three different types of synaptic arrangement
A
- axodendritic
- axosomatic
- axoaxonic
5
Q
Morphological subtypes of neurons
A
-pseudounipolar
-bipolar
-Golgi type I multipolar
Golgi type II multipolar
6
Q
Functional classifications of neurons
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- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurones
- Interneurons
7
Q
Recall the two types of astroglia
A
- Fibrous
- Protoplasmic
8
Q
Astroglia
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9
Q
Astroglial functions
A
- Scaffold for neuronal migration and axon growth during development
- Formation of blood-brain barrier
- Transport of substances from blood to neurons (important for brain nutrition)
- Segregation of neuronal processes (synapses)
- Removal of neurotransmitters
- Synthesis of neurotrophic factors
- Neuronal-glial and glial neuronal signalling
- Potassium ion buffering
- Glial scar formation
10
Q
Barrier function of astrocytes
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11
Q
Removal of neurotransmitters by astrocytes
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12
Q
Astrocyte interaction with blood vessels
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13
Q
Oligodendroglia
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14
Q
Oligodendroglial functions
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15
Q
myelin
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16
Q
Microglia
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17
Q
Microglial morphology
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18
Q
Schwann cells
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-Peripheral glia
19
Q
Define neurology
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20
Q
The approach to diagnose neurological problems
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21
Q
Decreasing speed of onset
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- Traumatic
- Vascular
- Toxic/metabolic
- Infectious
- Inflammatory/autoimmune
- Genetic-congenital
- Neoplastic
- Degenerative
22
Q
History
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23
Q
Stroke
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24
Q
Stroke affecting middle cerebral artery
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25
Stroke affecting posterior cerebral artery
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26
Stroke affecting anterior cerebral artery
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27
Treating the complications of a stroke
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28
Treatment to prevent further strokes
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29
Examination to diagnose neurological problems
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30
Parkinsonism clinical features
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31
Define flux
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32
Define voltage
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33
Define current
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34
Define resistance
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35
How can we calculate equilibrium potential?
Nernst equation
36
Define the electrochemical equilibrium
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37
Role of the neurologist
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38
Neurological investigations
- CT (computerised tomography)
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Nerve conduction studies
- EMG(Electromyography)
- EEG (Electroencephalography)
- Brain pathology
- Lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid sample
39
Neuroanatomical localisation
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40
Define equilibrium potential
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41
Action potential
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42
Threshold
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43
Refractory period
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44
All or nothing principle
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45
Depolarisation
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46
Repolarisation
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47
Hyperpolarisation
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48
Saltatory conduction
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49
voltage-gated channel
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50
Channel inactivation
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51
Positive feedback
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52
Structural features that effect the conduction velocity along axons
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53
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
- primarily based on clinical history
- supported by MRI which demonstrates characteristic lesions in the central nervous system white matter (high signal gives bright spots) and CSF analysis showing indices of inflammation (inflammatory abnormalities)
54
Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
- cause is unknown
| - inflammation and loss of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS)
55
Therapy of multiple sclerosis
- Immuno-modulatory and immuno-suppressive treatments (which were introduced in the 1990's) to reduce relapses
- The effect of these on long-term evolution and on progressive multiple sclerosis remains unclear
56
Multiple sclerosis
A chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system of unknown cause causing oligodendroglial and axonal pathology
57
Onset of multiple sclerosis
typically affecting young adults aged 20-40 years
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Symptoms of multiple sclerosis
can involve any neurological function (most commonly sensory, motor and visual symptoms)
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Clinical course of multiple sclerosis
typically begins as relapsing-remitting disorder, evolves into progressive disorder (secondary progressive multiple sclerosis)
