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motor learning > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

The function of the brainstem is

A
  • postural control & locomotion
  • a large number of facial connections
  • Arousal and awareness
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2
Q

The brainstem is composed by

A
  • hindbrain
  • midbrain
  • medulla
  • pons
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3
Q

The cerebellum receives inputs from:

A
  • receives input from spinal cord (feedback about movements)

- receives input from cerebral cortex (planning of movements)

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4
Q

The main purpose of the cerebellum

A

adjust the motor responses based on comparison of sensory feedback and planned movement

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5
Q

Diencephalon is composed by

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

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6
Q

Thalamus role

A

receives almost all information going to the cortex

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7
Q

Cerebral hemispheres composed by

A
  • cerebral cortex

- basal ganglia

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8
Q

Basal ganglia function

A

planning of motor strategies

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9
Q

Areas of the basal ganglia

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus Pallidus
  • Substantia Nigra
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10
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

programming events

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11
Q

What is action potential?

A

Neurons that are excited have positive nerve impulses, or spikes

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12
Q

3 types of synaptic transmission

A
  • summation (spatial vs temporal
  • synaptic facilitation (releasing more transmitter)
  • defacilitation (habitutation)
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13
Q

Spatial summation

A

larger presynaptic neurotransmitters are released until AP

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14
Q

temporal summation

A

a single presynaptic neuron is activated at a high enough frequency to elicit AP

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15
Q

Pheripheral Receptors

A
  • Muscle spindle
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Cutaneous receptors
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16
Q

Muscle spindle is concerned with

A

length or stretch

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17
Q

Where in the body do we find the highest percentage of spindles?

A
  • eyes
  • neck
  • hands
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18
Q

What is the spindle made up of?

A
  • Intrafusal fibers (nuclear bag, nuclear chain)
  • Afferent neurons (Ia & II)
  • Gamma motor neurons (gamma dynamic, gamma static)
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19
Q

Alpha motor neurons excite?

A

Extrafusal fibers

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20
Q

Gamma motor neurons excite

A

Intrafusal fibers

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21
Q

Gamma motor neurons are important for?

A

muscle tone

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22
Q

Dynamic stretch

A

connects to bag fiber

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23
Q

Static stretch

A

connects to bag and chain fiber

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24
Q

Ia

A

connects to bag and chain fiber

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25
Q

II

A

connects to chain

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26
Q

Ascending pathways

A

Dorsal column-medial leminiscal (DC-ML)

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27
Q

dorsal column- medial leminiscal is involved with

A
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • 2 point discrimination
  • propioception
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28
Q

The Dorsal column- medial leminiscal decussation point occurs?

A

-lower medulla

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29
Q

Pathways for descriminative touch and conscious propioception how many neurons relay?

A

three-neuron

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30
Q

1st order neuron

A

from receptors to to the medulla

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31
Q

2nd order neuron

A

from medulla to thalamus

32
Q

3rd order neuron

A

from thalamus to the cerebral cortex

33
Q

secondary neurons include

A
  • cell bodies located in the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus

- axons that cross the midline as the internal arcuate fibers, then ascend to the thalamus

34
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • Dorsal funiculus/ dorsal column
  • Lateral funiculus
  • Ventral funiculus
35
Q

Dorsal column divides into?

A
  • fasciculus gracilis

- fasciculus cuneatus

36
Q

Fasciculus gracilis

A

transmit information to the cerebrum coming from areas inferior to T6

37
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus

A

transmits information to the cerebrum coming from areas superior to T6

38
Q

first to second order neuron decussation occurs at?

A

medial leminiscus

39
Q

Anterolateral system tracts

A
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • spinomesencephalic tract
40
Q

Anterolateral system role

A
  • minor role in crude touch and pressure
  • thermal
  • nociception
41
Q

Somatosensory is?

A

where we start to see cross-modality processing

42
Q

association cortices is found in?

A
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occipital lobes
43
Q

exteroceptive sense

A

vision allows us to identify objects in space and determine their movements

44
Q

visual proprioception

A

where our bodies are in space

45
Q

vertical cells

A

rods and cones

46
Q

horizontal cells connect to the vertical cells laterally, these are

A

rods and cones –> bipolar cells –> ganglion cells

47
Q

horizontal cells are critical in?

A

regulating contrast sensitivity

48
Q

Superior colliculus has a direct line of communication with?

A

auditory and somatosensory information

49
Q

ventral stream

A

“what” stream (color, texture, shape, size)

50
Q

dorsal stream

A

“where” stream (location, movement, spatial transformation)

51
Q

the membranous labyrinth is filled with?

A

endolymph

52
Q

Pyramidal tracts

A

from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord and brain

53
Q

the pyramidal tracts are responsible for?

A

the voluntary control of the musculature of the body and face

54
Q

2 pyramidal tracts are

A
  • corticospinal tract

- corticobulbar tract (facial nerves)

55
Q

extrapyramidal tracts

A

originate in the brain stem to the spinal cord

56
Q

the extrapyramidal tracts are responsible for?

A

the involuntary and automatic control of all musculature (muscle tone, balance, posture, and locomotion)

57
Q

the 3 extrapyramidal tracts are?

A
  • vestibulospinal tract (balance and posture)
  • rubrospinal tract (upper extremity/ hand)
  • tectospinal tracts (head/eye coordination)
58
Q

What is the main function of the primary motor cortex?

A

to control absolute force and speed of movement

59
Q

90% of the decussation occurs at?

A

lateral corticospinal tract (neck, shoulder, and upper extremity muscles)

60
Q

the 10% of the decussation occurs at?

A

the anterior corticospinal tract (trunk and lower limbs)

61
Q

All upper motor neurons terminate at?

A

the ventral horn of the spinal cord

62
Q

what are the functions of the supplementary motor and premotor areas?

A

-areas send projection to primary motor cortex and spinal cord

63
Q

Supplementary motor areas are activated when?

A

movements are planned (internal)

64
Q

Premotor areas are activated when?

A

the presentation of a stimulus normally elicits a response (external)

65
Q

the main function of the cerebellum is to?

A

adjust motor responses based on the comparison of sensory feedback and planned movement

66
Q

the parts of the cerebellum are?

A
  • Flocculonodular lobe (vestibular system)
  • Vermis (execution of movement, muscle tone (gamma MN’s, feedforward command)
  • Lateral hemispheres (planning, preparation and evaluation of movement)
67
Q

Motor responses require cerebellar input from?

A

cerebral cortex and spinal cord

68
Q

feeback from the cerebellum to the spinal cord through?

A

brainstem and cerebral cortex

69
Q

the cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by?

A
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle (afferents)
  • middle cerebellar peduncle (afferents)
  • superior cerebellar peduncle (efferent fibers)
70
Q

the 3 lobes of the cerebellar cortex are?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • flocculonodular
71
Q

the status and position of the individual and groups of muscle is sent to the?

A

cerbellum (anterior lobe)

72
Q

The posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

nonconscious proprioception from ispsilateral lower limb and trunk

73
Q

The anterior spinocerebellar

A

nonconscious proprioception from ipsilateral lower limb and trunk; conveying information regarding movement of muscle groups.

74
Q

the cuneocerebellar tract

A

noncoscious proprioception form ispsilateral upper limb; equivalent of posterior spinocerebellar tract

75
Q

Afferent tracts from the brainstem

A

information on coordination of movements and movements that govern equilibrium and maintenance of an erect posture

76
Q

whta are the 3 afferent tracts from the brainstem

A

-olivocerebellar tract
-vestibulocerebellar fiber
reticulocerebellar fibers

motor learning (1 decks)

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