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Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Define colliculus

A

Swellings on the roof of the midbrain involved in vision and hearing

Superior colliculus - vision
Inferior - hearing

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2
Q

Define ganglion

A

An area of concentrated cell bodies

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3
Q

Define sulcus

A

A groove between two sulci

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4
Q

Define gyrus

A

A ridge or fold between two clefts i.e. a raised area

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5
Q

Which cells myelinate the PNS and CNS?

A

PNS - Schwann cells

CNS - oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

What are microglial cells?

What is their origin?

A

Immune cells

Mesoderm

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7
Q

Which cell types make up the grey matter?

A

Neurone cell body and dendrites

Microglial cells

Astroglial cells

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8
Q

Which cells make up the white matter?

A

Myelinated axon

Microglial cells

Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Which conditions occur due to failure of the neural tube to close..

a) cranially
b) caudally

A

a) anencephaly

b) spina bifida

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10
Q

The neural tube forms three primary brain vesicles.

Name them and their corresponding adult features.

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain

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11
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles form from the proscenphalon?

What are the corresponding adult features?

A

Telencephalon - cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

Diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus

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12
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles form from the rhombencephalon?

What are the corresponding adult features?

A

Metencephalon - pons and cerebellum

Myelencephalon - medulla

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13
Q

From what secondary brain vesicle does the basal ganglia develop?

A

Telencephalon

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14
Q

From what PRIMARY brain vesicle does the medulla develop?

A

Rhombencephalon

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15
Q

Which cells make up the blood-brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

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16
Q

What are the two different types of astrocyte?

A

Fibrous - white matter, cover nodes of Ranvier

Protoplasmic - grey matter, cover synapses

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17
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

THey line the ventricles and monitor + circulate CSF.

They are also concentrated in the choroid plexus where they make CSF.

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18
Q

Name the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex from the surface to deep. Give important functions.

A

I - molecular
II - outer granular layer
III - outer pyramidal layer
IV - inner granular layer - major input from thalamus
V - inner pyramidal - major output
VI - multiform cell layer - output to thalamus

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19
Q

What is the difference between agranular and hypergranular cortex? Give examples.

A

Agranular - thin IV layer, thick V layer. An example is the motor cortex as this needs lots of output.

Hypergranular - thick IV, thin V layer. An example is the sensory cortex as it needs lots of input.

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20
Q

What is the archicortex? Give en example.

A

3 layers.

e.g. hippocampus

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21
Q

What is the difference between unipolar and multipolar neurones?

A

Multipolar - multiple neurites coming from the cell body. They are motor neurones. Their cell body is in the spinal cord.

Unipolar - single neurite coming from cell body. They are sensory neurones with their cell body in the dorsal root ganglion.

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22
Q

What information do Ib peripheral nerves carry?

A

Golgi tendon organs

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23
Q

What information do Abeta peripheral nerves carry?

A

Touch, kinaesthesia, muscle spindle

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24
Q

What information do A-delta peripheral nerves carry?

A

pain, crude touch, pressure and cold temperature

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25
Q

What information do B peripheral nerves carry?

A

Preganglionic automatic signals

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26
Q

What information do IV peripheral nerves carry?

A

pain, touch, pressure and temperature

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27
Q

Which of Rexed’s laminae do A-delta fibres terminate?

A

I and V

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28
Q

What is the function of Merkel Cells?

A

touch and pressure

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29
Q

What is the function of meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Detect low frequency vibrations

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30
Q

What is the function of Ruffini corpuscles?

A

Skin stretch and slippage

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31
Q

What is the function of pacinican corpuscles?

A

High frequency vibrations

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32
Q

By which type of nerve are free nerve endings innervated?

A

Adelta = myelinated and fast

C = unmyelinated and slow

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33
Q

Which types of nerves are rapid adapting?

What are rapid adapting nerves?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle and hair follicle receptors

They respond to application and removal, and lose their response if the stimulus is prolonged.

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34
Q

What types of nerves are slow adapting?

What are slow adapting nerves?

A

Merkel Cells, hair follicles, Ruffini’s corpuscles

They remain active for the length of the stimuli. Increasing pressure increases the firing rate.

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35
Q

What is the receptive field of a receptor?

A

It is the space it occupies that can elicit a response to a stimulus.

36
Q

What information is carried by the lateral and anterior corticospinal pathways? Where do they cross?

A

Lateral - fine movement of limbs; crosses at level of pyramids

Anterior - fine movement of axial muscles; crosses at the spinal level

37
Q

What information is carried by the anterior and lateral spinothalamic pathways?

A

Anterior - pressure and crude touch

Lateral - temperature and pain

38
Q

What information is carried by the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways?

A

Both carry proprioceptive information

39
Q

Where do they anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways cross over?

A

Anterior - performs a double cross, once at the spinal level and again further up to enter the cerebellum

Posterior - does not cross at all as it ascends

40
Q

What is the substantia gelatinosa and what is its relevance?

A

It is Rexed’s laminae II + III and it is where the spinothalamic tract synapses in the dorsal horn.

41
Q

Where in the thalamus does the spinothalamic tract synapse?

A

Ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus

42
Q

Where is the lesion likely to be if pain and temperature AND fine touch is lost on one side of the body?

A

It indicates that the lesion is above the level of the spinal cord.

43
Q

What is sensory ataxia?

A

It is a movement disorder associated with sensory loss:

1) broad gait with stamping
2) Romberg’s sign +ve
3) Pronator drift
4) Loss of two-point discrimination

44
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nucleus receives information about facial proprioception?

A

Mesencephalic

45
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nucleus receives information about facial pain and temperature?

A

Spinal nucleus

46
Q

Which part of the trigeminal nucleus receives information about facial fine touch?

A

Chief sensory nucleus

47
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neurone and the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

48
Q

What are some symptoms of lower motor neurone lesions?

A 
Flaccid paralysis
Paresis
Loss of reflexes
Loss of tone
Fasciculations
Fibrillations
49
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

locomotion and posture control,

50
Q

What is the function of the corticobulbar tract?

A

From cortex –> medulla

Innervate cranial nerves V, VII, XI and XII

51
Q

Is CNV innervated bilaterally by the corticobulbar tract?

A

Yes.

Cranial nerves V and XI are innervated bilaterally, but VII and XII are innervated contralaterally.

52
Q

What is the functionof the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Controls anti-gravity muscles of hip and back.

It is one of the outputs of the cerebellum so it works ipsilaterally.

53
Q

What is decorticate posturing? How does it occur?

A

It is abnormal flexion of the upper extremities.

It is caused by a lesion ABOVE the red nucleus, as this leads to loss of control of flexor reflexes.

54
Q

What is decerebrate posturing? How does it occur?

A

It is abnormal extension of upper extremities.

It is caused by a lesion AT OR BELOW the level of the red nucleus.

55
Q

Describe the corneal reflex.

A

Touching the cornea with cotton wisp leads to both eyes blinking.

The sensory limb is the trigeminal nerve. Then it goes to spinal nucleus of V, then motor nucleus of VII, then through CNVII to orbicularis oculi.

56
Q

What cell type lines the pharyngeal clefts, arches and pouches?

A

Clefts - ectoderm
Arches - mesoderm
Pouches - endoderm

57
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with pharyngeal arch 1-6?

A 
1 - V
2 - VII
3 - IX
4 - X
5 - doesn't have one 
6 - X
58
Q

From which pharyngeal arch does the styloid process come from?

A

2

59
Q

From which pharyngeal arch does the hyoid bone derive?

A

3

60
Q

Which structures derive from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Bones of middle ear, Meckel’s cartilage (which becomes the mandible)

61
Q

From which pharyngeal arches do the tongue develop?

A

1st, 3rd and 4th

62
Q

Which bones make up the external nose?

A

2x nasal bones
Ethmoid bone
Maxilla

63
Q

Which bones make up the nasal septum?

A

Vomer forms inferior part
Ethmoid (perpendicular plate) forms posterior part
Cartilage forms anterior part

64
Q

Where do the superior, middle and inferior conchae come from?

A

Superior and middle - from ethmoid bone

Inferior - from its own bone

65
Q

What drains into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

sphenoid sinus

66
Q

What drains into the middle meatus?

A

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal sinuses

67
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

68
Q

Which vessels make up Little’s area?

A

Anterior ethmoidal arteries
Sphenopalantine artery and greater palatine artery (from maxillary)
Septal branch of superior labial artery (facial)

69
Q

Describe the innervation of the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3:
Sensation - Lingual (V3)
Taste - chorda tympani (VII)

Posterior 1/3 - IX

70
Q

What is Stensen’s duct?

A

Parotid duct

71
Q

Describe the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic muscle - XII

Extrinsic - all XII except palatoglossus which is X

72
Q

Which nerve runs through the mandible? What foramen does it exit?

A

Inferior alveolar branch of V3.

Mental foramen - exit of the mental nerve.

73
Q

What are the two halves of the articular disc?

A

Upper - forwards/horizontal movement

Lower - rotational movement

74
Q

What innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal - V3

75
Q

What is the only muscle which opens the jaw?

A

Lateral pterygoid

76
Q

Which nerve runs through the infratemporal fossa? Through which foramen does it get there?

A

Trigeminal.
V3.
Enters via foramen ovale.

77
Q

Describe the anterior and posterior borders of V3.

A

Anterior - mainly MOTOR. Except buccal and meningeal.

Posterior - mainly SENSORY. Except myohyoid nerve.

78
Q

Which ganglion is found within the infratemporal fossa?

A

Otic ganglion

79
Q

Which artery runs through the infratemporal fossa?

Where does it go from there?

A

Middle meningeal artery (branch of maxillary / ext carotid)

Goes into skull via foramen spinosum.

80
Q

Which venous plexus supplies the infratemporal fossa?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus.

81
Q

Which cranial nerves are found at the pontomedullary junction?

A

VI, VII, VIII

82
Q

Which cranial nerves will be affected by a cerebellopontine angle lesion? What symptoms will there be?

A

VII, VIII

Facial paralysis, hearing and equilibrium loss

83
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the preolivary sulcus?

A

XIII

84
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the post-olivary sulcus?

A

IX, X, XI

85
Q

Which two muscles make up the floor of the mouth?

A

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

86
Q

Which muscle makes up the bulk of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

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