Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS109 Introduction to Biomedical Science > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What animal models have been predominantly used in neuroscience?

A 
C. elegans.
Squid (huge axon).
Zebrafish.
Chick.
Rat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the anatomical positional pairs.

A

Anterior/Ventral (Front) - Posterior/Dorsal (Back).
Rostral (Front) - Cranial - Caudal.
Proximal - Distal.
Superior - Inferior.
Medial - Lateral.
Ipsilateral (Same) - Contralateral (Different).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 3 nervous systems and which system the 3rd comes under.

A

PNS.
CNS.
Enteric (Comes under PNS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and Spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the PNS consist of?

A

Nerves and cell bodies to/from brain and spinal cord.

Some PNS motor neurons lie anatomically in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the Enteric NS consist of?

A

Neural cells of the viscera.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many peripheral nerves are there? Explain their organisation.

A

43 pairs enter/exit the brain and spinal cord.

Divided into 12 pairs of cranial (peripheral nerves of the brain) and 5 sets of 31 pairs spinal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of the peripheral nerves?

A

Contain an axon but no dendrites.
No neuronal cell bodies.
Most are mixed sensory and motor.
(See picture on phone).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the characteristics of the cranial nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves of the brain.
Sensory, mainly motor or mixed.
1 and 2 from forebrain.
2 to 12 from brainstem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What number is the vagus cranial nerve?

A

10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the organisation and characteristics of the spinal nerves?

A 
Spinal nerves branch out.
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Co1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the uses of dermatomes?

A

Identify sites of damage.

If anal sensation returns, a person will probably walk again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the first division of the PNS?

A

Somatic and Visceral.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is the somatic nervous system divided?

A

Afferent: Conscious sensory.
Efferent: Voluntary motor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is the visceral nervous system divided?

A

Afferent: Unconscious sensory.
Efferent: Involuntary motor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the efferent visceral nervous system further divided?

A

Autonomic consisting of the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between autonomic and somatic efferents?

A

Somatic motor axons go straight to the muscle.

Autonomic motor axons synapse with a ganglion cell (pre is myelinated, post is not).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Are pre ganglionic fibres longer in Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic because a pre para axon synapses with 4-5 post all supplying the same effector.
Symph pre synapses with 20+ post that innervate several effectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What neurotransmitters are in pre-gang of para and symph?

A

ACh and N2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What neurotransmitter does post-gang of symph use?

A

Adrenergic (Sweat glands are ACh).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What neurotransmitter does post-gang of para use?

A

Cholinergic (mAChR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the world’s first anaesthetic?

A

Ma Fei San by Hua Tao.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why was the squid an ideal model?

A

Giant axon greater than 1mm diameter.
External and internal perfusion with varying salines.
Allowed determination of ion flows in action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why are C. elegans ideal animal models?

A

Study electrophysiology.
Fully mapped genome and nervous system.
Model system for developmental cell death.

26
Q

Why are flies ideal animal models?

A

Identify genes that regulate nervous system development.

27
Q

Why are frogs idea animal models?

A 
Electrical stimulation.
Nerve conduction velocity.
Ca2+ and release.
How axons grow.
How nerves pathfind.
28
Q

Why are chicks ideal animal models?

A

Study nerve growth factor as have large embryos.

Learning/Imprinting/Passive avoidance learning.

29
Q

Give some examples of uses of mammals and non human primates.

A

Mapped motor cortex in dogs.
Defined synapse.
Studied reflexes, motor control and localisation.
Chemical neurotransmission in dogs: vagus nerve.
Pavlovian learning.
Operant conditioning.

30
Q

What is Dale’s principle?

A

Individual nerves release a single neurotransmitter.

31
Q

Applications of animal model studies.

A

Human pathology: Schizo, Alz and Park.

Treatments: Ep, Park and Eye/Ear implants.

32
Q

Describe the process of neurulation.

A

The entire nervous system derives from the ectoderm.
Neural plate forms groove rostral to caudal which fuse dorsally. Neural crest pinched off laterally before neural folds fuse which all PNS neurons derive from.

33
Q

What substance prevents most neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid.

34
Q

Name 2 neural tube defects.

A

Anencephaly: Failure of anterior end of tube closing properly and failed higher region form. No telencephalon hence no cognition.
Spina bifida: Malformation of lower spine where posterior tube has not closed properly.

35
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (SPLITS).
Mesencephlon.
Rhombencephalon (SPLITS).
Fluid filled swellings at rostral end of neural tube.

36
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles? 1 week further development.

A 
Telencephalon (forms cerebral hemispheres).
Optic vesicle (from Pros).
Diencephalon (from Pros).
Metencephalon (from Rhom).
Myelencephalon (from Rhom).
Spinal cord.
37
Q

What does the forebrain contain?

A

Telencephalon.

Diencephalon.

38
Q

What does the midbrain contain?

A

Mesencephalon.

39
Q

What does the hindbrain contain?

A

Metencephalon (Pons and Cerebellum).

Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata).

40
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord.

A

Retains tubular nature from embryology.
White and grey matter around a central canal.
Encased in bony vertebrae.

41
Q

What is white matter?

A

Collection of CNS axons.

42
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Collection of CNS cell bodies.

43
Q

What is the function of the dorsal root?

A

Carries sensory input into the spinal cord.

44
Q

What is the function of the ventral root?

A

Carries motor commands out of the spinal cord.

45
Q

What are interneurons?

A

May connect between sensory and motor neurons.

Important in reflexes.

46
Q

What are the ascending and descending pathways?

A

Run/up down the spinal cord sending instructions out to muscles.

47
Q

What is the difference between upper and lower motor neurons?

A

Upper are higher brain order that supply spinal cord input whereas lower order directly command muscle contraction.

48
Q

Where are the higher brain centres?

A

Cerebral cortex.

49
Q

What are the meninges of the spinal cord?

A 
Pia Mater (direct contact to neural tissue).
SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Arachnoid (middle).
SUBDURAL SPACE.
Dura Mater (tough fibrous sheet).
Continuous with the brain.
50
Q

How is the Dura Mater split?

A

Dura Mater endosteal layer is next to the cranium then Dura Mater meningeal layer is next to the subdural space.
Separated by Dura Sinus (blood and CSF).

51
Q

What is CSF, where is it formed and where is it found?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid.
Formed by Choroid Plexus.
Found in/continuous with central canal, brain ventricles and subarachnoid space.

52
Q

How does a lumbar puncture work?

A

Sample CSF between L3 and L4.

No spinal cord as finishes higher and spinal column continues growing with development.

53
Q

Name the CSF disorders.

A

Hydrocephalus.
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage.
Subdural Haematoma.

54
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

Physiological semi permeable barrier consisting of capillary endothelial cells, tight junctions and astrocytes.

55
Q

Explain the planes of section.

A

Coronal/Frontal: Splits Ventral to Dorsal.
Horizontal/Transverse: Splits Anterior to Superior.
Sagittal: Splits Left to Right. Parasagittal is parallel to this.
Oblique: Slanting.

56
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the brain?`

A

Brainstem.
Cerebellum.
Diencephalon.
Cerebrum.

57
Q

What is the brainstem composed of and what is it’s function?

A

Medulla Oblongata.
Pons.
Mesencephalon.

Fibre tracts and housekeeping nuclei.

58
Q

What is the medulla oblongata composed of and what is it’s function?

A

Fibre tracts.
Nuclei.
Olives.
Nerve roots.

CVS and respiratory centre.
Damage here is often fatal.

59
Q

What is the pons composed of and what is it’s function?

A

Fibre tracts.
Respiratory centres.

Connects cerebellum via peduncles

60
Q

What is the cerebellum composed of?

A

Folia.
Layers.
Deep nuclei.
White matter.

61
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum.

A

Muscle tone.
Co-ordination.
Motor error-checking.
Learning.

62
Q

What is cerebellar ataxia?

A

Loss of cerebellar neurons giving jerky and imprecise movements.

BMS109 Introduction to Biomedical Science (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions