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LCRS > Neuroscience 5 - Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neuroscience 5 - Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Amino Acids (GABA)
  2. Amines (noradrenaline, dopamine)
  3. Neuropeptides (opioid peptides)
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2
Q

Explain the mechanism of neurotransmission step by step.

A
  1. Action potential comes and Ca2+ channels in membrane open.
  2. Influx of Ca2+ into the cell.
  3. Ca2+ bind to vesicles containing neurotransmitter and triggers their release into synapse.
  4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to post synaptic membrane and binds to receptors.
  5. Na+ moves into the cell and starts action potential.
  6. Neurotransmitter (amino acid) is then removed from synapse by transporter proteins and packaged back into vesicles.
  7. NA+ K+ pump brings back the resting membrane potential.
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3
Q

What is Docking?

A
  1. Vesicles and the cell membrane at the active zone have alpha helical structures.
  2. These structures interact with each other to form a super helix that forms a stable complex of the vesicle at the synapse.
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4
Q

How does Ca2+ activate the release of neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Ca2+ channels at the active zone allow Ca2+ in when there is an action potential.
  2. Ca2+ diffuses through Ca2+ channels into the cell and binds to Ca2+ sensitive receptors on the vesicle.
  3. The stable complex of the vesicle and the membrane undergo a change to release the neurotransmitter.
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5
Q

What are the 2 types of neurotransmitter receptors? Which one mediates fast transmission? And examples of neurotransmitters for each.

A
  1. Ion Channel Receptor - Fast transmission - GABA, Glutamate and Ach.
  2. G-protein coupled receptor - Slow transmission - Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Ach.
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6
Q

What is an example of an inhibitory receptor and how does it work?

A
  1. GABA receptors are an example of an inhibitory receptor.

2. It allows the diffusion of Cl- into the cell, which causes hyperpolarisation.

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7
Q

What is an example of an excitatory receptor and how does it work?

A
  1. Glutamate receptors are an example of an excitatory receptor.
  2. It allows the diffusion of Na+ into the cell, which causes depolarisation.
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of Glutamate receptors?

A
  1. AMPA - allows Na+ in - fast excitatory synapses.
  2. NMDA - allows Na+ and Ca2+, but needs 2 inputs (membrane depolarisation + glutamate must bind) - slow excitatory mechanism.
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9
Q

How is glutamate formed?

A

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle and then transamination of alpha-ketoglutarate.

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10
Q

How is glutamate removed from the synapse?

A
  1. Removed via transporters on the pre-synaptic membrane and glial cell.
  2. EAAT2 is the main transporter found on the glial cell and pre-synaptic membrane.
  3. Glutamate is then inactivated by glutamine synthetase to make glutamine.
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11
Q

How is GABA synthetised?

A

Synthesized from glutamate using Glutamate Acid Decarboxylase -GAD (vitamin B6).

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12
Q

How is GABA removed from the synapse?

A
  1. Transporters (GAT) on the pre-synaptic membrane and glial cell remove GABA.
  2. It is then inactivated by GABA transaminase to succinate semialdehyde - this goes into the TCA cycle.
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13
Q

Why is the GABA receptor important for treating epilepsy?

A
  1. You can produce anti-epileptic drugs that interact with the GABA receptor.
  2. There are binding sites for benzodiazepines and barbiturates that facilitate the diffusion of Cl- into the cell.
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14
Q

What are 4 types of drugs that facilitate GABA transmission?

A
  1. Anti-epileptic
  2. Anxiolytic
  3. Sedative
  4. Muscle relaxant
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15
Q

Is the synapse an area of low or high resistance?

A

High resistance.

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16
Q

What are 3 naturally occurring toxins that target the synaptic vesicle proteins?

A
  1. Tetanus toxin - causes spastic paralysis.
  2. Botulinum toxin - flacid paralysis.
  3. Alpha Latrotoxin - causes transmitter release to depletion.
17
Q

What are 3 things that transmitter release requires?

A
  1. Docking (Protein complex formation).
  2. Ca2+ influx.
  3. ATP and vesicle recycling.
18
Q

What are the neurotransmitter receptors for Ach in the NMJ and in the CNS/PNS?

A
  1. NMJ - Nicotinic receptor (ion channel receptor).

2. CNS/PNS - muscurinic receptor (G-protein coupled receptor).

19
Q

How is epilepsy caused?

A

Abnormal release of glutamate leading to hyper excitable cells.

LCRS (22 decks)

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