Neuroscience

Question 1

Gyri

Answer 1

Raised surfaces

Question 2

Sulci

Answer 2

Dips or folds

Question 3

Dendrites

Question 4

Nucleus

Question 5

Cell body

Question 6

Myelin Sheath

Answer 6

Increases speed

Question 7

Axon

Question 8

Axon Hillock

Question 9

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 10

Terminal Buttons

Answer 10

Contains neurotransmitters; decides if neuron fires

Question 11

Efferent Neuron

Answer 11

Take info away from structure; ex. sensory neuron

Question 12

Afferent Neuron

Answer 12

Bring info into structure; ex. motor neuron

Question 13

Interneuron

Answer 13

Axon and dendrites all w/in a single structure; ex. w/in thalamus or hippocampus

Question 14

Purkinje Cell

Answer 14

Cerebellum; many dendrites; integrates info from many cells

Question 15

Bipolar Cell

Answer 15

Retina; Few dendrites; Integrates info from small number of cells

Question 16

Glia Cells

Question 17

Astrocystes

Answer 17

Exhange chemicals that help synchronize axon activity, remove waste material, regulate blood flow; a single one many interact w/ many synapses regulating neurotransmitter activity

Question 18

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 18

Build myelin

Question 19

Microglia

Answer 19

Remove waste, viruses, fungi, etc

Question 20

Radial glia

Answer 20

Progenitor cells; involved in making new neurons, guiding migration of neurons, and aiding axon and dendrite growth

Question 21

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 21

Tightly packed endothelial cells; little can pass; keeps out harmful viruses, bacteria, chemicals

Question 22

What passes through blood-brain barrier passively?

Answer 22

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, molecules that dissolve in fats of membrane (drugs, vitamins, etc)

Question 23

What passes through blood-brain barrier actively (ie uses energy)?

Answer 23

Glucose, amino acids

Question 24

Importance of glucose

Answer 24

Neurons depend mostly on glucose and oxygens, the main nutrients that cross b-b barrier

Question 25

Thiamine deficit

Answer 25

Thiamine critical for glucose use, can lead to Korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 26

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 26

Thiamine deficit, leads to ?? amnesia

Question 27

Explicit memory

Answer 27

Conscious memory

Question 28

Implicit memory

Answer 28

Unconscious memory

Question 29

Neuron resting potential

Answer 29

More negative ions inside cell than outside; charge of -70 millivolts; Cell membrane is selectively permeable

Question 30

Polarization

Answer 30

The normal resting state

Question 31

Hyperpolarization

Answer 31

Inhibitory neurotransmitters received by dendrites; membrane is less permeable to NA+

Question 32

Action potential

Answer 32

The electrical changes occuring when neuron fires

Question 33

Absolute refractory period

Answer 33

Immediately after firing; cannot fire again at this time

Question 34

Relative refractory period

Answer 34

After absolute refractory period; cell is hyperpolarized, neuron can fire again but needs a stronger than normal signal

Question 35

Saltatory conduction

Answer 35

AP skips across nodes of ranvier

Question 36

Local neurons

Answer 36

Short axon or “no” axon; exchange info w/ close neighbors only; do not produce action potential; produce graded potentials, vary in magnitude, depolarizes or hyperpolarizes in direct proportion to the intensity of input

Question 37

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer 37

Pumps Na+ out and K+ in