Neuropsychology and OT Conditions

Question 1

Gray Matter Is?

Answer 1

Unmyelinated axons

Question 2

What is a reflex arc? What is it’s purpose?

Answer 2

A neural circuit that occurs at the level of the spinal cord
Connects sensory information with motor neuron via an interneuron without the need for cortical processing
It is a protective function that allows us to react quickly to a possible painful or dangerous situation

Question 3

Describe two major categories of long term memory and where in the brain they are located?

Answer 3

Procedural memory - unconscious recall for motor movements parietal, prefrontal and cerebellum
Declarative memory - memory for facts that can be stated includes semantic - meaning and episodic- coded at a time and place

Question 4

Autonomic Dysreflexia?

Answer 4

Complication of a spinal cord injury above T6.
Sensory stimuli reaches the spinal cord and sets of reflex reactions of the autonomic nervous system.
No message reaches the cortex to be interpreted so no inhibitory mechanisms take place.

Question 5

Neglect?

Answer 5

Inability to attend or respond to stimuli in the space contralateral to the side of the brain damage.

Question 6

Broca’s Area?

Answer 6

Located in the left inferior temporal lobe this is the area of the brain required for producing language including written or spoken

Question 7

Person Factors in PEOP Model? X 6 with examples

Answer 7

Psychological - personality
Cognitive - attention 
Motor - movement
Sensory - visual
Spiritual- beliefs, meaning
Physiological- endurance, strength

Question 8

Agnosia?

Answer 8

The inability to recognise familiar objects due to a breakdown in connections between sensory receptors in the cortex and memory of prior stimuli

Question 9

Bradykinesia?

Answer 9

slow ability to initiate and continue movement

Associated with Parkinsons

Question 10

Environmental Factors of the PEOP Model?

Answer 10

Built and Natural
Assistive Technology
Social Capital/Support
Education/Policy
Culture 
Social Determinants

Question 11

Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 11

Located in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere.

This area is responsible for the comprehension of language inc spoken and written

Question 12

With experience the motor skills required to drive a car become more automatic because of changes in the?

Answer 12

Cerebellum

Question 13

Osteoarthritis Vs Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 13

OA is degenerative and is a breakdown of cartilage and RA is an autoimmune disease that attacks synovial fluid.

Question 14

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion?

Answer 14

Occurs in the CNS above the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
Symptoms include: altered muscle tone
hyperreflexia and bradykinesia

Question 15

What is Neuroplasticity?

Answer 15

The brains ability to generate and regenerate neuronal pathways to create synapses.

Question 16

Slow continuous stretching could relax a muscle by stretching the ……

Answer 16

Golgi tendon Organs

Question 17

Somatic Nervous System?

Answer 17

Nerves that convey messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to the muscles

Question 18

Multiple Sclerosis?

Answer 18

An autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin sheath. This demyelination and the build up of scar tissue on the nerves results in reduced function in the area of the brain affected.

Question 19

Limbic System?

Answer 19

Involved in emotions and learned fear. Involves
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus
Cingulate Gyrus
Hypothalamus

Question 20

Coronary Artery Disease
VS
Myocardial Infarction

Answer 20

CAD because of atherosclerosis (a build of cholesterol, fat and calcium) in the arteries reducing blood supply to the heart

Myocardial Infarction - Over time CA leads to a hardening and narrowing of blood vessels reducing flow of blood to the heart completely leading to lack of oxygen and tissue death.

Question 21

COPD

Answer 21

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Group of lung diseases characterised by airflow of obstruction that interferes with normal breathing due to:
- lungs losing elasticity
- Walls of airway becoming inflamed
Mucus in the airway leading to a blockage

Question 22

What does the vestibular system detect?

Answer 22

Movement of the head for equilibrium

Question 23

Schizophrenia?

Answer 23

A mental illness affecting the way a person thinks, feels and acts.

Positive Symptoms - are behaviours that are present that shouldn’t be such as delusions.

Negative symptoms - are those that are not present but should be such as sleep, speech etc.

Question 24

Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

Answer 24

Is marked by severe memory problems due to alcohol consumption.

Question 25

The functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 25

Coordinates voluntary smooth balanced movements including.
- balance
posture
coordination

Question 26

The order that visual information passes through the retina?

Answer 26

Receptor Cells
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion Cells

Question 27

Definition of spasticity?

Answer 27

a motor disorder causing increased muscle tone and rigidity due to the hyper excitable

Question 28

Occipital Lobe location and function and connections?

Answer 28

Located inferior of the parietal lobe and superior of the cerebellum the occipital lobe. The function of the occipital lobe is the visual processing part of the brain. It houses the primary and secondary visual cortex and has two projecting streams. The dorsal stream or the what stream projecting to the parietal lobe and the ventral stream or the Where stream projecting to the temporal lobe.

Question 29

Parietal Lobe Location and function and connection?

Answer 29

Parietal lobe lies between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus. Areas include the post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex) that receive information re touch, muscles stretch and joint movement. The parietal lobe receives sensory information and processes it according to eye, head and body location and passes it on to the area of the brain that controls movement.

Question 30

Dermatome

Answer 30

a limited area of the body that a spinal nerve innervates.

Question 31

muscle spindle

Answer 31

A proprioceptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch

Question 32

stretch reflex

Answer 32

caused by a stretch

Question 33

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 33

a proprioceptor that responds to increased muscle tension.

Question 34

Basal Ganglia

Answer 34

Responsible for self initiated movement in particular the vigour of movement.

Question 35

What is the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 35

A chemical Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fibre. The prominent neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine.

Question 36

Explanation of Executive Function and 2 behaviours that are associated with it.

Answer 36

A group of higher order cognitive functions, processes and abilities that govern lower level functions. Behaviours include sustained and divided attention, emotion regulation and behaviour modification.