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Neuropsychology > Neuropsychology 2307 Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Neuropsychology 2307 Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

neurolinguistics

A

the neural mechanisms in the brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language

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2
Q

Segmented Bilateral Organism

A
  1. Local, centralized networks within each segment
  2. Longitudinal transmission of information up and down the body axis between segments
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3
Q

Decussation of vertebrate brains

A

All vertebrate brains are crossed over: left connects with the right side of the body and vice versa

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4
Q

Broca’s area

A

region in left frontal lobe for speech production

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5
Q

Golgi’s stain

A

sliced brain then stained it to see nerve cell bodies / tissue / individual neurons under light microscopy

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6
Q

Fritsch & Hitzig

A

electrical stimulation of dog’s brain to identify motor cortex

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7
Q

Neuron

A

cell in nervous system specialized to transmit electrical signals to other neurons via synapses

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8
Q

Glia

A

provide immunological and structural support; aid in transport of material from blood to neuron; largest number of cells in CNS

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9
Q

Nerve

A

when neuron axon is in the PNS

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10
Q

Tract

A

when neuron axon is in the CNS

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11
Q

Afferent

A

towards the brain (sensory)

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12
Q

Efferent

A

away from the brain (motor)

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13
Q

Grey matter

A

unmyelinated cells and dendrites of neuron - cognition

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14
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons that connect grey matter to each other & carry nerve impulses - acting / sensing

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15
Q

Parenchyma

A

functional tissue of an organ (neurons and glia)

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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17
Q

Contralateral

A

on opposite side

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18
Q

bilateral

A

on both sides / in both hemispheres

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19
Q

proximal

A

near to the structure

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20
Q

distal

A

far from the structure

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21
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of cells in the PNS; can form swelling on nerve fibre

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22
Q

sagittal

A

YZ plane; divides structure into left/right; parallel to sagittal suture

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23
Q

coronal

A

XY plane; divides it into front and back

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24
Q

Dorsal

A

towards the top (or back); posterior (behind)

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25
Q

ventral

A

towards the belly or bottom (inferior)

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26
Q

caudal

A

tail

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27
Q

rostral

A

nose or anterior or frontal

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28
Q

medial

A

midline

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29
Q

superior

A

above

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30
Q

inferior

A

below

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31
Q

Graded potential

A

changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none; amplitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus (NOT all or none)

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32
Q

Neurons

A

Electrically irritable communicating and computing cells of the nervous system

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33
Q

Glia

A

supporting cells: provide immunological and structural support, aid in transfer of materals from blood to neurons, etc.

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34
Q

Action potential

A

movement of sodium and potassium across the cell membrane; electrical signal that allows neurons to communicate quickly over long distances (frequency proportional to stimulus intensity)

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35
Q

Intra / extra neuronal signals

A

signals within neuron is electrical; between neuron it’s chemical

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36
Q

Types of Neurons

A
  • sensory neurons (carrying information from receptors to the brain),
  • motor neurons (carrying signals from the brain to muscles) and
  • interneurons (which convey information between different types of neurons
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37
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger; transmit signals from one neuron across a synapse to another neuron or muscle cell or gland cell

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38
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A
  • changes in the electrical properties of the receiving neuron.
  • these changes are called “postsynaptic potentials”
  • Post-synaptic potentials are within the receiving neuron’s dendritic tree
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39
Q

Post Synaptic Potentials PSP’s

A
  • Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs) created in the receiving neuron’s dendrites increase the likelihood of the production of an AP on its axon
  • Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs) created in the receiving neuron’s dendrites decrease the likelihood of the
  • EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated in the soma over both space and time
  • Whether an AP is created in the axon hillock depends upon the nature of this sum.
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40
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the pre and post synaptic neurons; interstitium

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41
Q

Astrocyte

A

glia that regulates transmission of electrical signals within the brain; feeds, supports and holds neurons in place

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42
Q

Microglia

A

“pac-men”, main immune defense in CNS; eats anything foreign that could damage CNS

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43
Q

Ependymal glia

A

pump CSF into ventricles; produce CSF; keep producing

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44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glia that make myelin; insulate axons in CNS; don’t regenerate; can myelinate many neurons

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45
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glia that myelinate axons in PNS (one Schwann cell will myelinate one segment of an axon); can self-repair

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46
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

(Cajal) nerous system is made up of discrete and individual cells

47
Q

Law of Dynamic Polarization

A

Flow is L to R from dendrite to axon terminals

48
Q

Dale’s Law

A

each nerve terminal releases a single type of neurotransmiter

49
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrite, Soma and Axon

  • Dendrite: collects the incoming signals
  • Soma: integrates signals generates the ones to travel down axon
  • Axon: Conducts the signals across distances

All parts: Dendrite, Axon, Soma, Hillock, Terminal Boutons, Cytoplasm, Membranes (pre synapt and post synapt), Nucleus, Organelles

50
Q

Integrated

A

added together, summed up

51
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly like substance in the cell body (proteins, ions)

52
Q

Axon Hillock

A

part of the soma that connects to the axon

53
Q

Organelle

A

tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell. Organelles are embedded within the cytoplasm of cells

54
Q

Terminal Button

A

structure at end of axon that could have synapse on it

55
Q

Post-synaptic membrane

A

on dendritic tree of the receiving neuron

56
Q

Neural stem cell

A

Can self-renew (mitosis), lead to progenitor cells

57
Q

Progenitor cells

A

develop from stem cells - lead to Blasts

58
Q

Blasts

A

primitive nervous system cells, develop into neurons and glia

59
Q

Differences between neurons

A
  1. dendritic tree complexity
  2. types of receptors
  3. types of NT’s
  4. axonal length
  5. arrangement of cell body to axon
  6. spatial and temporal integration
  7. physical size
  8. degree of axonal myelination
60
Q

Divisions of Nervous System

A
  1. CNS - brain and spinal cord
  2. PNS - Somatic and Autonomic nervous system

Somatic - sensorimotor connections via spinal cord and cranial nerves

Autonomic -sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

61
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

in PNS; detects info about external world; sensorimotor connections from spinal cord and cranial nerves

62
Q

Support and Protection of CNS

A
  1. Skull (brain pan) and vertebrae (33)
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid
63
Q

Meninges

A

3 membranes that enclose the CNS: Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater (closest to cortex)

64
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord; produced in the ventricles (ependymal glia) recycled through the ventricle system; complete cycle every 24 hours

65
Q

Brain Blood Supply

A

L&R Carotid Arteries and L&R Vertebral Arteries ascend in the neck to enter the skull through the foramen magnum to supply blood to the brain. Connect at base of brain for form:

–Anterior Cerebral Artery

–Middle Cerebral Artery

–Posterior Cerebral Artery

66
Q

Meningeal Blood Supply

A
  • Anterior Meningeal Artery – irrigates the anterior cranial fossa
  • Middle Meningeal Artery – irrigates the middle cranial fossa
  • Posterior Meningeal Artery –irrigates the posterior cranial fossa
67
Q

Fossa

A

3 large depressions in the floor of the cranial activity (posterior fossa lodges cerebellum, medulla & pons)

68
Q

Foramen magnum

A

hole at base of the skull (floor of fossa) through which spinal cord and vertebral arteries

69
Q

Cranial arteries

A

4 of them: L&R Carotid, L&R Vertebral; supply blood to the brain; branch into anterior, middle and posterior arteries; each irrigates its own fossa

70
Q

Basilar artery

A

irrigates the brain stem; at front of brain stem. forms from joining of two vertebral arteries

71
Q

Circle of Willis

A

brain’s arteries; blood flows to the brain from vertebral and internal carotid arteries

72
Q

Hematoma

A

bleed from artery or vein within brain; the wall of a blood vessel, artery, vein has been damaged and blood has leaked into tissues where it does not belong.

73
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

blood below the skull and Dura mater; bleeding of bridging veins

Symptoms:

slurred speech / headache / inability to speak /

loss of consciousness or coma / numbness (may be in several areas of the body) / seizures / visual problems

weakness

74
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

bleeding of meningeal arteries (between Dura and skull); medical emergency; can produce shift midline

75
Q

Cribreform plate

A

between anterior cranial fossa and nasal cavity; olifactory afferents pass through here

76
Q

Ventricular system

A

4 ventricles in brain plus the cerebral aqueduct; filled with CSF; connects 3rd and 4th ventricles for CSF flow

77
Q

hydrocephalus

A

if CSF can’t get out through aqueduct so need stent to let the fluid out

78
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum; cerebral cortices; lobes: frontal, parietal, occiptal, temporal, insular

Basal ganglia

Basal forebrain nuclei

Subcortical white matter

79
Q

Diencephalon

A

forebrain; neocortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

80
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Mid-brain; part of brain stem

81
Q

Metencephalon

A

embryonic part of hind brain that becomes pons and cerebellum

82
Q

Myelencephalon

A

After brain; embryonic part of hind brain that develops into medulla oblongata

83
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

80% human brain; 6 layers (older cortex - allocortex has 3 layers and thinner); 2 hemispheres; bilaterally symmetrical but not mirror images functionally

84
Q

Neocortex

A
  • 80% human brain
  • expanded most during evolution
  • 6 layers - no myelin (layer IV important as it receives info from outside the cortex and V &VII go outside cortex)
  • Allocortex 3 layers which are thinner (hippocampus and olifactory bulb)
  • two cerebral hemispheres
  • frontal lobes larger than primates
  • right under the Pia mater
85
Q

Fissures, Sulci and Gyri

A
  • Fissure - cleft in the cortex that is deep enough to indent the ventricles
  • Sulcus (pl. sulci) - shallow cleft in the cortex
  • Gyrus (pl. gyri) - ridge in the cortex
86
Q

Organization of the Cortex

A
  • Primary - receive and send info to and from PNS
  • Secondary - receive input from Primary; interpret sensory input or organize movement
  • Tertiary - (Association Cortex) - mediate complex activities
87
Q

Cytoarchitectonic maps of Cerebral Cortex

A

map of the brain based on organization, structure and distribution of the cells

Broadman’s atlas (44 areas)

88
Q

Forebrain

A
  1. Neocortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Limbic System

2 and 3 are subcortical

89
Q

Limbic System

A
  • In telencephalon and diencephalon
  • functionally and anatomically connected
  • Amygdala - Emotion and species-typical behaviors
  • Hippocampus - Memory and spatial navigation
  • Septum - Emotion and species-typical behavior
  • Cingulate Cortex (cingulate gyrus)- - emotion formation, learning and memory
  • limbic cortex is immediately superior to the corpus collosum (dammage pathinomic)
90
Q

Basal Ganglian

A
  • Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Caudate Nucleus (stimulus response learning / sequencing)
  • Sub-thalamic
  • supports complex movements and computations (disorders of this area will be movement-oriented)
91
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Hypothalamus - interacts with pituitary gland, movatied behavior, affects metabolism
  • Thalamus
  • Pineal gland
  • Posterior Pituitary
92
Q

Thalamus

A

Thalamus relays info to targets (it bridges the cortex and spinal cord) and projects it back

**can modify info on way to the cortex

controls sleep and awake state

Thalamus is in 2 halves

Receives auditory, somatosensory and visual signals

93
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus regulates temperature, when should eat and when stop eating, hormones, circadian rhythm and more

94
Q

Midbrain / Mesencephalon

A
  • top of the brain stem
  • Cerebral peduncles: connec the cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord
  • Tectum (ceiling) inf.(ears) and sup. colliculi (eyes)
  • Tegmentum (midbrain floor) surrounds cerebral aqueduct - eye movements and tracking
  • cortical blindness: get input from retina so avoid objects but not sure why (act like you can see)
  • Red nucleus - limb movements
  • Periaqueductal grey matter: species-typical behavirs (sexual behavior and pain response)
  • Substantia Nigra - reward / initiation (dopamine)
95
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons and Cerebellum (litle brain)

  • Pons connects cortex and cerebellum
  • Cerebellum - sensorimotor integration
  • If damage cerebellum lose equilibrium (wide stance like a toddler), impairment to skilled motor activity
96
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata

  • cardiac and respiratory functions; reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, etc.
  • reflexive processes
  • reticular formation: arousal level (like 2 hot dogs)
  • vision, hearing, somatosensory signals thru here
  • Pyramids: in medulla
97
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • 12 pairs (24 nerves)
  • in PNS called nerves / in CNS called tracts
  • cranial nerves pass through the meninges (which determines what is CNS/PNS) so technially CNS too
  • descend from brain stem (anterior)
  • superior to inferior
  • sensory and motor functions (some just one)
  • On Old Olympus’ Towering Top A Finn and German Vend Some Hops…Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
98
Q

List Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Occiptal
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory (vestibulocochlear)
  9. Glossopharygeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
99
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • 31 segments - each one 2 pairs somatic nerves
  • L Sensory - enter L Dorsal
  • R Sensory - enter R Dorsal
  • L Motor - exit L Ventral
  • R Motor - exit R Ventral
100
Q

Bell Magendie Law

SAME DAVE

A

S - Sensory A - Afferent M - Motor E - Efferent

D - Dorsal A - Afferent V - Ventral E - Efferent

101
Q

Myotome

A
  • Muscle and nerve collectively

Examples:

  • Cervical 3, 4, 5 Diaphram
  • Cervical 5 Shoulder movements / elbow flexion
  • Cervical 6 - wrist dorsiflex
  • Cervical 7 - elbow extension
  • Cervical 8 finger flexion
102
Q

Dermatome

A

an area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root.

103
Q

Thickenings in Spinal Cord

A
  1. Cervical Enlargement - innervates upper limbs through brachial Plexus
  2. Lumbar Enlargement - innervates lower limbs
104
Q

Central Pattern Generators

A
  • provide rhythmic patterned outputs without sensory feedback
  • neuronal circuits
  • in all evolved animals with locomotion (relieves us from having to calculate how to do something like walk or breathe)
105
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) - arouses body for action - Stimulatory
  2. Parasympathetic - (Rest and Digest) - Inhibitory
106
Q
A
107
Q

Tractography

A

Traces axon bundles through the brain in 3D

Mapping connection amongst brain areas

  1. Long connections - one lobe to another
  2. Relatively short connections - one part of lobe to another part same lobe
  3. Interhemisphereic connections: homotopic points (in “typcial” brain) and heterotopic points (in patients with Agenisis of Corpus Collosum AgCC) - missing part of CC
  4. The connection is through Thalamus
108
Q

Commissures

A
  • Contralateral white matter projections
  • CNS connects mainly with contralateral body
  • Decussations: sensory and motor fibres cross the midline at the spinal cord, corpus collosum and anterior and posterior commissures
109
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

9 components

  1. Rostrum
  2. Inferior Genu
  3. Superior Genu
  4. Posterior Genu
  5. Anterior midbody
  6. Middle midbody
  7. Posterior midbody
  8. Isthmus
  9. Splenium
110
Q

Brain Commissures

A
  1. Corpus Collosum
  2. Anterior Commissure
  3. Hippocampal Commissure
  4. Habenular Commissure
  5. Posterior Commissure
  6. Supraoptic Commissures
111
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A
  • Tracks flow of water
  • Measures direction and get picture of region of brain where water flow signal is large
  • travels on large tracs, axonal fibres
112
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A
  • curved bundle
  • grey matter tract that connects Broca’s Area (production of speech) with Wernicke’s area (comprehension of speech)
  • Wernicke’s Aphasia: can produce speech but it is garble and
  • Broca patients can understand but not really speak
113
Q

Development of Myelination

A
  1. central to peripheral
  2. caudal to rostral - frontal lobes last to myelinate and can take into 20’s
  3. dorsal to ventral
  4. sensory then motor
  5. Last areas to myelinate:
  • anterior cingulate cortex
  • inferior temporal cortex
  • dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Neuropsychology (1 decks)

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