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psych 1100 exam 1 > neuropsychology > Flashcards

neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Reflex

A

An automatic, stereotyped movement produced as the direct result of a stimulus

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2
Q

The Neuron:
number

A

10 billion to a trillion
(most popular estimate is 86 billion)
10,000 connections each

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3
Q

The Neuron:
parts

A

dendrites
cell body (or “soma”)
axon
terminal endings (or terminal buttons)

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4
Q

Nerve Impulse

A

= ACTION POTENTIAL

Potential quite literally means energy

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5
Q

Resting Potential

A

-70 mV

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6
Q

What does the stimulation of neurons let in?

A

Na+ ions

which makes the inside more positive: -70, -69, -68, -67

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7
Q

What happens when there are enough Na+ ions in for the potential to be reduced to -55 mV?

A

The doors (ion gates) to the cell membrane are flung open allowing for Na+ to rush in.

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8
Q

What is the maximum potential?

A

+40 mV

potential shoots up to +40 mV, so the inside is now positive relative to the outside (the ACTION POTENTIAL)

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9
Q

What and how is potential reduced back to -70 mV?

A

Ion pumps work to reduce potential back to -70 mV by pushing positive ions out (actually K+ because Na+ goes out slower; then ANOTHER pump takes Na+ back out and puts K+ back in)

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10
Q

What mV is considered a threshold?

A

-55 mV

below that voltage, there is no action potential – firing is “all-or-none”

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11
Q

True of False: More intense stimulation causes a more intense action potential.

A

FALSE

Just more frequent ones (up to 1000/sec!), and in more neurons

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12
Q

What part of the neuron does action potential travel down?

A

Axon

action potential travels down length of axon by depolarizing neighboring areas

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13
Q

What speed does action potential travel?

A

50 to 100 m/sec

NOT at speed of electrical current in wire

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14
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between two neurons (the presynaptic and the postsynaptic neurons)

terminal endings of presynaptic neuron relay impulse to dendrites of postsynaptic neuron

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15
Q

What do terminal buttons contain?

A

Little sacs (“vesicles”) of chemicals (“neurotransmitters”)

at action potential, vesicles burst and release neurotransmitters into synapse

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16
Q

What opens ion gates to allow Na+ inside in the first place?

A

Neurotransmitters

Receptor molecules on membrane of dendrite are like little locks to be opened

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17
Q

What is it called when neurotransmitters let Na+ inside?

A

excitatory (more likely to fire) because potential is getting smaller, toward -55

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18
Q

What is it called when a gate is opened that pushed positive K+ ions out?

A

Inhibitory (less likely to fire) because potential is getting larger (e.g., -70, -71, -72)

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19
Q

NERVOUS SYSTEM (“NS”)

A

central
peripheral
somatic
autonomic
sympathetic
parasympathetic

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20
Q

central

A

center
(brain, spinal cord)

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21
Q

peripheral

A

outside of center
(everything else aside from brain & spinal cord)

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22
Q

somatic

A

body
(muscles, senses)

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23
Q

autonomic

A

self rule
(vital functions: heart rate, breathing, digestion, reproduction)

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24
Q

sympathetic

A

excited states
- arousal: mobilizes for emergency (speeds heart and lungs, inhibits digestion and sexual function)

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25
parasympathetic
vegetative, calm states - calm: conserves energy (slows heart and lungs, etc.)
26
hindbrain
medulla pons cerebellum cat transected above hindbrain: can move but not act
27
medulla
breathing, heartbeat, blood circulation
28
pons
arousal and attention
29
cerebellum
integration of muscles to perform fine movements, but no coordination / direction of these movements; balance
30
midbrain
forms movements into acts; controls whole body responses to visual and auditory stimuli cat transected above midbrain can act, but without regard to environment: without purpose
31
forebrain
thalamus hypothalamus basal ganglia limbic system cerebral cortex - cat transected above limbic system: acts normal, with purpose but clumsy
32
thalamus
sensory and motor relay center (to various cerebral lobes)
33
hypothalamus
controls responses to basic needs (food, temperature, sex)
34
basal ganglia
regulates muscle contractions for smooth movements
35
limbic system
memory [hippocampus (seahorse)] and emotion [amygdala (almond)]
36
cerebral cortex (or "neocortex")
four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal); seat of "higher" intellectual functions
37
cerebral hemispheres (or cerebrum)
corpus callosum cerebral cortex
38
corpus callosum
- connects hemispheres - each hemisphere controls OPPOSITE SIDE of body - large band of neural fibers - largest "commissure" (or pathway between hemispheres) of the brain - but not the ONLY one!
39
cerebral cortex (= skin or bark)
1 to 3 mm thick; 2 or 3 ft square if flattened out higher motor, sensory, and intellectual functions
40
Localization of Cortical Function
Phineas Gage & Paul Broca
41
Phineas Gage (1848)
personality in brain - explosion sent iron rod through skull removing part of frontal lobe (probably pre-fontal area) - resulting personality change from responsible and gentle to argumentative, impulse and vile - but this description is probably exaggerated
42
Paul Broca (1865)
identified region in patient's brain responsible for speech
43
Carl Wernicke (1874)
identified separate region responsible for comprehension
44
FOUR LOBES of cortex
anatomical areas: frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital love temporal lobe
45
frontal lobe
planning; social behavior; motor control front of brain
46
parietal lobe
somatosensory (sense of touch) on top and forward back of brain
47
occipital lobe
vision back of brain
48
temporal lobe
hearing, memory side of brain
49
TWO GENERAL RULES of cortical function
1. Left and Right Hemisphere 2. Front and Back
50
Left Hemisphere
language
51
Right Hemisphere
spatial abilities
52
Front
expression / actions / plans
53
Back
reception / perceptions / interpretations
54
Damage to Non-Primary ("Association") Cortex
pre-frontal lesions apraxia agnosia neglect aphasia
55
pre-frontal lesions
loss of planning, moral reasoning, sensitivity to social context or...loss of initiation of action, deliberation
56
apraxia
("no doing") failure in sequencing components of actions; inability to organize moments - FRONTAL - lesions just forward of motor corte - NOT paralysis, as from motor cortex lesion
57
agnosia
("no knowing") deficit in interpreting, categorizing, labeling, knowing - OCCIPITAL (visual) or TEMPORAL (auditory) lesions - sensory systems themselves (e.g., eyes) are okay
58
neglect
RIGHT hemisphere (PARIETAL) damage causes inattention to whole left side
59
aphasia
LEFT hemisphere (FRONTAL or TEMPORAL) damage causes deficits in language function disorder of language - left hemisphere brain lesions
60
expressive aphasia
cannot produce speech - lesion to BROCA'S AREA (frontal assoc. area)
61
receptive aphasia
cannot understand speech - and consequently cannot produce speech - lesion to WERNICKE'S AREA (temporal assoc. area)
62
receptive aphasia
cannot understand speech - and consequently cannot produce speech - lesion to WERNICKE'S AREA (temporal assoc. area)
63
Functional Areas
association cortex motor cortex somatosensory cortex broca's area auditory cortex wernicke's area visual cortex
64
motor cortex
damage to this area means you cannot move
65
somatosensory cortex
feeling of the skin
66
broca's area
language
67
association cortex
non-primary areas of brain
68
auditory cortex
hearing
69
wernicke's area
understanding a language
70
visual cortex
seeing
71
split brain studies
sever corpus callosum to reduce severity of seizures leaves patient mostly normal, but with left and right brain independent in subtle ways
72
note visual pathways
left side of each eye sends info to left hemisphere right side of each eye sends info to right hemisphere
73
left visual field goes to...
right hemisphere
74
right visual field goes to...
left hemisphere

psych 1100 exam 1 (3 decks)

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